China's famed growth has created a paradox of huge proportions that is associated with how this development could happen despite the well documented issue of vast corruption. This growth has come through a specific form of corruption, changing from petty theft and speed money to grand theft and access money. The new forms of corruption were made possible through the access to assets like land, mines and State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) after land-, property-, and SOE-reforms that were implemented during the 1990s. The opaque character of these reforms has led to what can only be described as a climate of grand collusion where officials use their access powers to redistribute what was formerly state-owned assets to themselves and crony entrepreneurs. While the character of corruption has changed over the last decade, the problem has not diminished despite continued official "anti-corruption" campaigns. The Chinese high growth/high corruption model has come with high risks growth and enormous inequality. Historically, Chinese dynasties have grown, decayed and fallen in scenarios similar to that of the present.This work concentrates on the dynamic analysis including bifurcation and chaos of a discrete ecological developmental systems. Specifically, it is a prey-predator-scavenger (PPS) system, which is derived by Euler discretization method. By choosing the step size h as a bifurcation parameter, we determine the set consists of all system's parameters, in which the system can undergo flip bifurcation (FB) and Neimark-Sacker bifurcation (NSB). The theoretical results are verified by some numerical simulations.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/blu-451.html  It is shown that the discrete systems exhibit more interesting behaviors, including the chaotic sets, quasi-periodic orbits, and the cascade of period-doubling bifurcation in orbits of periods 2, 4, 8, 16. Finally, corresponding to the two bifurcation behaviors discussed, the maximum Lyapunov exponent is numerically calculated, which further verifies the rich dynamic characteristics of the discrete system.[Purpose] To determine the effects of hydrotherapy and land-based exercises on functional mobility and quality of life among patients with knee osteoarthritis. [Participants and Methods] We conducted a randomized controlled trial with knee osteoarthritis patients randomly allocated into land-based (n=17) and hydrotherapy groups (n=17). The Time-Up and Go (TUG), Five Times Sit-to-Stand (5STS), Stair Climbing Test (SCT), and Quality of Life by questionnaires including the Modified Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index questionnaire Thai version (Thai WOMAC) were assessed at baseline and 6 weeks. The World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF Thai version (WHOQOL-BREF-THAI) questionnaire were assessed at baseline and six weeks and 6 months. [Results] There was no significant difference in outcomes between the groups after 6-weeks and 6-months of follow-up. After 6 weeks, Thai WOMAC score improved in both groups. Only 5STS was improved in the land-based group, while the hydrotherapy group showed significant TUG, 5STS, and SCT improvement. Furthermore, only hydrotherapy showed significant improvement in WHOQOL-BREF-THAI scores in the mental, social, quality of health, and total domains after six months. [Conclusion] Both exercises equally improved functional mobility and quality of life. Hydrotherapy and land-based exercise could improve functional mobility and quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis.[Purpose] The present study aimed to examine the existence and degree of possible asymmetries of functional test performance and their intercorrelations in the lower extremities of young basketball players. [Participants and Methods] Twenty-seven healthy male basketball players (age 15.52 ± 1.37 years) were examined for the symmetric function of their lower extremities using triple hop for distance tests in the sagittal and frontal plane (medial-lateral), the Y-balance test and a vertical jump test. [Results] Participants exhibited statistically significant side-to-side differences in only the medial triple hop test, as they jumped further on their non-dominant for stability lower limb. No other asymmetries were observed in the rest of the functional tests. Significant correlations were also indicated between the vertical jumptest and the three directions of the triple hop test for both lower limbs. [Conclusion] Our findings proved that young basketball players present a symmetrical picture of functional performance, as revealed by the evaluation of various functional tests. The only significant asymmetric adaptation observed in the medial triple hop test will have to be strengthened by future studies to be implemented in injury prevention programs.[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that affected the discharge of walkable patients admitted to psychiatric long-term care wards. [Participants and Methods] The participants were walkable patients admitted to psychiatric long-term care wards at three different hospitals in Japan. The baseline assessments of all 73 patients were conducted between September and December 2018. During the 2 year follow-up period, five patients died, while 68 were included in the analysis. The baseline assessment includes the basic information of the participants and the risk of locomotive syndrome. [Results] In the comparisons between the discharged (n=12) and hospitalizing groups (n=56), the age, length of stay, and two-step and stand-up test scores at the baseline assessment were significantly different. The multiple logistic regression analysis, which discriminates between the two groups, adopted age as a significant variable in the baseline assessment as a predictor of dischargeability (odds ratio 1.08; 95% confidence interval 1.01, 1.16). [Conclusion] Age was considered to be a discharge likelihood predictor, as it affects the decline in motor function, such as locomotive syndrome, as well as the social resources that would be needed after discharge, such as family support.[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to describe the properties of muscle nodules (kinkoketsu) recognized by manual physical therapy practitioners. [Participants and Methods] A total of one hundred and thirty-three physical therapists, occupational therapists, judo therapists, and acupuncturists participated in this study. The shape, size, direction, depth, and hardness of muscle nodules, often treated in the buttocks, were investigated through the completion of a questionnaire. [Results] A total of 124 answer sheets were completed; 112 of these described the shape of muscle nodules as ellipsoidal. Of these 112 sheets, 97 effective sheets were analyzed. The results showed that the mean long axis length, short axis length, and thickness of the muscle nodules were 30.9 mm, 16.2 mm, and 9.3 mm, respectively. The most common responses on the long axis direction, depth, and hardness of the muscle nodules were the craniocaudal orientation, the second shallowest layer of 5 divisions, and the eraser level, respectively.