https://www.selleckchem.com/products/acy-738.html Although the quantity of viral RNA was similar in the two vaccines, the amount of viral RNA of a length that can be recognized by PRRs was over 100-fold greater in WPV than in SV. More importantly, 1000-fold more viral RNA was delivered to DCs by WPV than by SV when exposed to preparations containing the same amount of HA protein. Furthermore, WPV induced up-regulation of the DC maturation marker CD86 on murine DCs, while SV did not. The present results suggest that the activation of antigen-presenting DCs, by PRR-recognizable viral RNA contained in WPV is responsible for the effective priming potency of WPV observed in naïve mice and macaques. WPV is thus recommended as an alternative option for seasonal influenza vaccines, especially for children. This experimental study aimed to assess the efficacy of hydrogen gas inhalation against spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury and reveal its mechanism by measuring glutamate concentration in the ventral horn using an invivo microdialysis method. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following 6 groups sham, only spinal ischemia, 3% hydrogen gas (spinal ischemia + 3% hydrogen gas), 2% hydrogen gas (spinal ischemia + 2% hydrogen gas), 1% hydrogen gas (spinal ischemia + 1% hydrogen gas), and hydrogen gas dihydrokainate (spinal ischemia+dihydrokainate [selective inhibitor of glutamate transporter-1]+3% hydrogen gas). Hydrogen gas inhalation was initiated 10minutes before the ischemia. For the hydrogen gas dihydrokainate group, glutamate transporter-1 inhibitor was administered 20minutes before the ischemia. Immunofluorescence was performed to assess the expression of glutamate transporter-1 in the ventral horn. The increase in extracellular glutamate induced by spinal ischemia was significantly suppressed by 3% hydrogen gas inhalation (P<.05). This effect was produced in increasing order 1%, 2%, and 3%. Conversely, the preadministration of glutamate transporter-1 i