Meso-level barriers and enablers defined the parameters of service delivery and included workplace characteristics, referral systems and patterns, and workplace productivity and efficiency. Micro-level barriers and enablers pertained to the perceptions, attitudes, and social acceptability of stakeholders that affected the delivery of services.
 
  Understanding the barriers and enablers from a multi-level framework requires further high-quality research to fully appreciate its importance in addressing health care needs within populations and increase generalisability to oral health settings.
 Understanding the barriers and enablers from a multi-level framework requires further high-quality research to fully appreciate its importance in addressing health care needs within populations and increase generalisability to oral health settings.
  Microtia is a congenital malformation of the auricle. The most common complication of microtia surgical repair is costal cartilage exposure. We describe the case of a patient with costal cartilage exposure and the use of temporoparietal fascia flap (TPFF) for covering purposes.
 
  12-year-old male patient with right microtia undergoing two auricle reconstruction surgeries. One month following the second surgery, costal cartilage exposure was noted, with loss of grafted skin. A TPFF and a scalp skin graft were performed to cover the exposed cartilage.
 
  An adequate and critical management of costal cartilage exposure is required to avoid cartilage reabsorption. TPFF represents a useful tool in ear reconstruction surgeries and should be considered in potential face reconstruction surgeries.
 An adequate and critical management of costal cartilage exposure is required to avoid cartilage reabsorption. TPFF represents a useful tool in ear reconstruction surgeries and should be considered in potential face reconstruction surgeries.Median arcuate ligament syndrome, which is characterized by postprandial pain, occurs as a result of the compression of the celiac trunk by the ligament. It is a rare pathology in pediatric patients. We present the case of a 14-year-old girl with recurrent abdominal pain. Ultrasound examination showed an increase in celiac trunk flow rate with flow reversal, while CT angiography demonstrated compression. It was surgically managed by dividing the arcuate ligament through videolaparoscopy. Symptoms disappeared right after surgery and did not reappear in the 24-month follow-up. The arcuate ligament is a fibrous band located at the level of the diaphragmatic crus. The fact that the celiac trunk originates at the supradiaphragmatic aorta makes the ligament exert compression during expiration, with transitory distal ischemia. Diagnosis is achieved through Doppler ultrasonography of the celiac trunk or CT angiography, among others. Surgical management involves dividing the arcuate ligament. This syndrome should be considered in the presence of recurrent abdominal pain. The laparoscopic route is the treatment approach suggested.
  Enterocutaneous fistula treatment in patients undergoing multiple surgeries is complex and requires creative solutions. We present the case of an enterocutaneous fistula managed with laser diode and cyanoacrylates.
 
  15-year-old patient, diagnosed with ulcerative colitis at 12 years of age, undergoing full colectomy with urgent ileostomy as a result of a flare-up refractory to medical treatment. Five months later, an ileoanal pull-through with pouch was carried out, leaving a protection ileostomy in place.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/puromycin-aminonucleoside.html  However, postoperative evolution was poor, with pelvic infection, so two further urgent open surgeries were required for lavage and hemostasis purposes. Six months later, anastomotic stricture was noted. It was healed following various pneumatic dilations under ultrasound vision and at-home dilations using Hegar dilators. One year following this, ileostomy was closed, but one month later, abdominal distension occurred. It was associated with a fistula in the abdominal midline, which could be endoscopically guided, with its origin being located at the ileoanal anastomosis. Laser diode sessions were applied for treatment purposes, with partial improvement, but still with gas emission. One year later, embolization was performed by placing platinum coils and lipiodol-diluted cyanoacrylates, and clinical signs disappeared. 17 months following this surgery, the patient has no symptoms, with full day and night fecal continence and 3 daily stools, and the fistula is completely closed.
 
  Combined treatment with laser diode and platinum coil and cyanoacrylate embolization proves effective in the management of enterocutaneous fistula, with low morbidity.
 Combined treatment with laser diode and platinum coil and cyanoacrylate embolization proves effective in the management of enterocutaneous fistula, with low morbidity.
  Caustic burns still cause complex esophageal lesions in the pediatric population. However, therapeutic possibilities in severe cases are limited. A surgical approach allowing for a longer neoesophagus, an isoperistaltic esophagus, and a better vascularization, with a lower risk of complications such as necrosis, stenosis, or perforation, is proposed.
 
  16-month-old patient who accidentally ingested caustic soda. This caused a IIIb degree burn compromising the pharynx down to the stomach. Esophageal replacement with an isoperistaltic gastric tube was carried out, which allowed for a neoesophagus of appropriate length, an optimal vascularization for the graft, and physiological peristalsis.
 
  The surgical approach proposed allows the esophagus to be irrigated from the right gastro-omental artery, thus preserving irrigation of the greater curvature. It also allows for a longer esophagus, and thanks to anatomical positioning, for physiological peristalsis.
 The surgical approach proposed allows the esophagus to be irrigated from the right gastro-omental artery, thus preserving irrigation of the greater curvature. It also allows for a longer esophagus, and thanks to anatomical positioning, for physiological peristalsis.
  The pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to an unprecedented situation, with population lockdowns, congestion of healthcare resources, cancellation of scheduled surgical activity, fear of contagion, and delays in patient care. The objective of this study was to analyze its impact on pediatric surgical activity at a reference healthcare facility.
 
  A comparative study of activity in the pediatric surgery environment at a Spanish reference healthcare facility was carried out. It included outpatient consultations, scheduled surgeries, and activity at the emergency department during the lockdown period in Spain (March-May 2020) vs. the same 2019 period. Number of consultations and surgeries, type of surgery performed and/or cancelled, and stage of the pathologies treated were collected.
 
  A 98% decrease in scheduled surgeries, an 84% decrease in healthcare burden from the pediatric emergency department, a 55.24% decrease in urgent surgeries, an 82% decrease in outpatient activity at external consultations, and a 94% decrease in inter-hospital referrals, along with a 66% increase in urgent pathology severity, were found.