https://www.selleckchem.com/products/fetuin-fetal-bovine-serum.html Cancer immunotherapy refers to a set of approaches aiming at enhancing the immune system to fight cancer growth and spread. This variety of therapeutic approaches, especially those inhibiting immune checkpoints, have shown very promising results. Nevertheless, patients may respond differently to treatments and the efficacy of immunotherapy seems to be dependent on several factors that go beyond the molecular targeting of immune cells modulation. Here, we review how the activity of gut microbiota appears to be crucial in determining the effectiveness of some immunotherapeutic treatments, fostering or impeding the conditions under which treatments can work or not. Moreover, we discuss how these findings suggest not only extending the range of immunotherapeutic approaches but also reshaping our understanding of immunotherapy itself.Introduction Recurrent Clostridiodes difficile infection (rCDI) is a growing public health burden, and is associated with poor patient outcomes. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a novel therapy with an aim to restore the disrupted microbiota with demonstrated success in the management of rCDI and a favorable safety profile.Areas covered This review includes a comprehensive overview of a search of the literature including epidemiology of rCDI, basics of the gut microbiome, antibiotic therapy for rCDI along with rationale for safety and efficacy of FMT for rCDI.Expert opinion Patients exposed to risk factors, such as antimicrobial agents, are at risk for disruption of the gut microbiome resulting in the reduction of microbial diversity and dysbiosis. Dysbiotic microbiota predispose to primary and rCDI. Strategies to improve the current and future management of rCDI are under clinical investigation, including narrow-spectrum antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies and FMT, which has shown a high success rate for rCDI. Further investigation is needed to determine optimal sta