https://www.selleckchem.com/products/phenazine-methosulfate.html ess in the literature, TRA is expected to become more widely used by neurointerventionalists. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.Mouse spermatogenesis is supported by spermatogenic stem cells (SSCs). SSCs maintain their pool while migrating over an open (or facultative) niche microenvironment of testicular seminiferous tubules, where ligands that support self-renewal are likely distributed widely. This contrasts with the classic picture of closed (or definitive) niches in which stem cells are gathered and the ligands are highly localized. Some of the key properties observed in the dynamics of SSCs in the testicular niche in vivo, which show the flexible and stochastic (probabilistic) fate behaviors, are found to be generic for a wide range of, if not all, tissue stem cells. SSCs also show properties characteristic of an open niche-supported system, such as high motility. Motivated by the properties of SSCs, in this review, I will reconsider the potential unity and diversity of tissue stem cell systems, with an emphasis on the varying degrees of ligand distribution and stem cell motility. Copyright © 2020 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; all rights reserved.Microtubules dynamics is regulated by the plus end-tracking proteins (+TIPs) in cells. End binding protein 1 (EB1) acts as a master regulator in +TIPs networks by targeting microtubule growing ends and recruiting other factors. However, the molecular mechanism of how EB1 binds to microtubule ends with a high affinity remains to be an open question. Using single-molecule imaging, we show that the end-binding kinetics of EB1 changes along with the polymerizing and hydrolysis rate of tubulin dimers, confirming the binding of EB1 to GTP/GDP-Pi tubulin at microtubule growing ends. The affinity of wild-type EB1 to these sites is higher than monomer