Auditory brainstem responses testing (ABRs) is frequently required to assess auditory function in children. It is done usually in outpatient fashion and requires deep sleep to avoid artefacts. Sedation method used for the test should allow a deep sleep while avoiding general anaesthesia that requires special monitoring, dedicated staff and operating room availability. For this purpose, several sedation methods have been used, with the risk of respiratory depression and sides effects. We aim to assess the efficacy and the usefulness of melatonin in sedation for children undergoing auditory brainstem responses testing. We calculated success rate of complete bilateral ABR, sleep delay and quality of sleep of 247 children referred for ABR testing. Two hundred six children (83.4%) successfully underwent both ears testing. The delay to sleep was variable with a mean of 32 min. The quality of sleep was described as continuous in 156 infants (75.7%) and discontinuous in 50 infants (24.27%) requiring either simple nursing or a second dose of melatonin 30 min later.Conclusion Melatonin has the advantages of inducing natural sleep and reducing sleep delay without adverse effects or respiratory depression risk. It is efficient and useful sedation method for ABRs in an outpatient setting.What Is Known?• Auditory brainstem responses test is the most used objective test to assess auditory function in children and requires deep sleep to avoid artefacts.• Melatonin is an endogenous pineal hormone used for sedation in electrophysiological testing and magnetic resonance imaging.What Is New?• 83.4% of children in our study successfully performed a bilateral ABR under melatonin-induced sleep with continuous sleep in 75.7%.• The use of melatonin to induce sleep for ABR tests is useful in an outpatient setting and it is a good alternative to general anaesthesia in Morocco.Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a candidate adjuvant medication for the treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. There is only limited data on safety and compatibility with other commonly used intravenous medications. This retrospective single-center study of 198 preterm infants (September 2012-September 2018) was performed at a level IV neonatal intensive care unit.  https://www.selleckchem.com/peptide/pki-14-22-amide-myristoylated.html  Electronic data of all preterm infants who received pentoxifylline for sepsis or necrotizing were extracted from routine databases. We analyzed a total of 1081 PTX treatment days from 217 treatment episodes in 198 preterm infants (mean gestational age 27 weeks; mean birth weight 1060 g). At a mean daily dose of 28 mg/kg, no clinically relevant side effects were observed. PTX therapy was not associated with clinically significant changes of blood biochemistry and hematology parameters. Concomitant infusion of PTX with other common NICU medications was well tolerated, and there was no evidence of incompatibility.Conclusion Intravenous PTX is compatible with standard NICU drugs and well tolerated in critically ill preterm infants.What is Know•Currently, there are no evidence-based adjuvant medications available that target the harmful inflammatory host response in neonatal sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis.•Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a candidate adjuvant medication for the treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants; however, safety data are rare and PTX is currently used off-label.What is New•Here we report on our experience in the pragmatic routine use of PTX as adjuvant therapy in 198 preterm infants with sepsis or NEC.•Concomitant infusion of PTX with other common NICU medications was well tolerated, and there was no evidence of incompatibility. No clinically relevant side effects were observed.The association between obstructed müllerian duct anomalies and endometriosis has been well established and the pathogenesis is attributed to the theory of retrograde menstruation. However, this relationship with endometriosis is less clear in women with unobstructed müllerian duct anomalies and in those with rudimentary uterine structures that lack functioning endometrial tissue. This article reviews the embryology, genetics, pathophysiology, and American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) classification for müllerian duct anomalies together with the genetics and pathophysiology of endometriosis to provide a framework for understanding the complex relationship between these two entities. Available published data examining the coexistence of endometriosis in relationship to müllerian duct anomalies, including studies that stratify this relationship according to specific classes of anomalies, are reviewed and organized. Awareness of the increased prevalence of endometriosis among patients with uterine anomalies, particularly those with outflow obstruction, may facilitate early diagnosis of endometriosis and subsequent intervention, with the potential to reverse disease symptoms and arrest disease progression.PURPOSE To assess the clinical and imaging features of IgG4-RKD for understanding and diagnosis of this disease. METHODS CT and MR images of 34 patients with IgG4-RKD were retrospectively analyzed by two radiologists in consensus. RESULTS The serum IgG4 level was found being increased in all patients. Renal involvement was bilateral (24/34, 70.6%) or unilateral (10/34,29.4%), multiple (29/34, 85.3%) or solitary (5/34, 14.7%). The lesions were wedge-shaped (21) or mass-like (4) in the renal parenchyma, whereas diffusely decreased renal density was noted in 2 patients. All lesions showed progressive contrast enhancement. The 4 mass-like lesions were misdiagnosed as renal malignancy. In 15 patients with follow-up imaging examinations, the number and size of renal lesions decreased after oral hormone treatment. The serum IgG4 levels were significantly decreased after therapy in all patients. CONCLUSION IgG4-RKD has various imaging appearances. Although the mass-like appearance mimics renal malignancy in some patients, progressive contrast enhancement in the lesion with elevated serum IgG4 suggests IgG4-RKD.Calculation of dietary niche characteristics using stable isotopes has become a popular approach to understand the functional role of taxa across food webs. An underlying assumption of this approach is that stable isotopes accurately reflect the dietary breadth of a species over a temporal duration defined by tissue-specific isotopic turnover rates. In theory, dietary niche estimates derived from fast turnover rate tissues (e.g., blood plasma and liver) may augment stomach content-derived estimates more agreeably than slower turnover rate tissues (e.g., muscle or fin). We tested this hypothesis by comparing commonly used dietary niche estimates derived from stomach contents (nicheSCA Levins', Shannon-Wiener's, and Smith's), with those estimated using stable isotopes [nicheSIA standard ellipse area (SEA), convex hull total area (TA), theta (θ), and ellipse eccentricity (E)] of liver and muscle tissue. Model species were three large-bodied sharks white (Carcharodon carcharias), dusky (Carcharhinus obscurus), and scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini).