For roseobacters inhabiting the macroalgal niches, genes for nitrogen regulation and carbohydrate utilization were important but became dispensable upon shift to coral skeleton where nitrate is abundant but carbohydrates are less available. Whereas low-energy-demanding secondary transporters are more favorable in coral skeleton, ATP-driven primary transporters are preferentially kept in the energy-replete macroalgal niches. Moreover, a large proportion of these families mediate organismal interactions, suggesting their rapid losses by pseudogenization as a potential response to host and niche shift. These findings illustrate an important role of pseudogenization in shaping genome content and driving ecological diversification of marine roseobacters.The formation of dental caries is a complex process that ultimately leads to damage of the tooth enamel from acids produced by microbes in attached biofilms. The bacterial interactions occurring within these biofilms between cariogenic bacteria, such as the mutans streptococci, and health-associated commensal streptococci, are thought to be critical determinants of health and disease. To better understand these interactions, a Streptococcus mutans reporter strain that actively monitors cell-cell communication via peptide signaling was cocultured with different commensal streptococci. Signaling by S. mutans, normally highly active in monoculture, was completely inhibited by several species of commensals, but only when the bacteria were in direct contact with S. mutans. We identified a novel gene expression pattern that occurred in S. mutans when cultured directly with these commensals. Finally, mutant derivatives of commensals lacking previously shown antagonistic gene products displayed wild-type levels of signal inhibition in cocultures. Collectively, these results reveal a novel pathway(s) in multiple health-associated commensal streptococci that blocks peptide signaling and induces a common contact-dependent pattern of differential gene expression in S. mutans. Understanding the molecular basis for this inhibition will assist in the rational design of new risk assessments, diagnostics, and treatments for the most pervasive oral infectious diseases.
  Child eating behaviours can negatively contribute to the development of childhood obesity. This study investigated associations between breastfeeding habits, maternal eating behaviours and child eating behaviours, in 5-year-old children.
 
  Secundigravida women were recruited to the ROLO dietary randomised controlled trial (Dublin, Ireland) and were followed up with their children to 5 years of age. Breastfeeding exposure and duration were obtained at postnatal and infant follow-up at 2 and 6 months and 2 and 5 years. At 5 years, maternal and child eating behaviours were measured using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, respectively. Regression determined associations between breastfeeding habits and maternal eating behaviours with child eating behaviours, controlling for RCT group, maternal education level, maternal BMI at 5 years, childcare exposure and child BMI centile at 5-year follow-up.
 
  There were 230 mother and child pairs analysed. One hundred and fthe importance of research surrounding eating behaviours.
 Not breastfeeding and short breastfeeding duration may contribute to the development of obesogenic eating behaviours in children, alongside maternal eating behaviours including uncontrolled and emotional eating. These 'food approach' eating behaviours may increase risk of overweight/obesity as they are associated with increased energy intake, hence the importance of research surrounding eating behaviours.
  Malnutrition remains a public health problem in Europe, not only in adults, but also in paediatrics. The aim of this study was to evaluate general practitioners (GPs) practices in paediatric malnutrition screening.
 
  An anonymised questionnaire was sent to GPs in one French area. We analysed GPs' data sociodemographic, knowledge of malnutrition screening, practices, tools, and trainings.
 
  Overall, 102 of 174 GPs replied to the questionnaire (58.6%). 79.4% of GPs routinely measured weight, but only 33.3% measured both height and BMI, despite having tools (98,6%). 43.6% of GPs systematically reviewed growth charts. 71.3% were familiar with dietary recommendations, 30.7% with blood tests for nutritional status assessment, and 13.7% with dietary supplements. GPs who routinely measured BMI reviewed significantly more growth charts (p = 0.001) and prescribed more dietary supplements (p = 0.001).
 
  GPs do not sufficiently measure children's height and BMI, despite the increasing availability of software. Failure to analyse growth charts can induce delays in malnutrition screening.
 GPs do not sufficiently measure children's height and BMI, despite the increasing availability of software. Failure to analyse growth charts can induce delays in malnutrition screening.High-protein diets contribute to an increase in urea follicular concentrations associated with decreased fertility. Urea has been shown to interfere with the epidermal growth factor (EGF)/EGFR system, which has been shown to have a beneficial effect during in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes. Of note, the number of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) in the maturation medium can change the maturation and the developmental competence of COCs. Therefore, it was hypothesized that, the presence of urea and EGF may have a differential effect on the depletion/appearance of AAs and competence of COCs matured individually (I-IVM system) or in groups (G-IVM system). In the G-IVM system, COCs increased consumption (depletion) of AAs compared with other groups in the presence of high-level urea (40 mg/dl) + EGF (10 ng/ml). In the I-IVM system, the non-cleaved COCs depleted more AAs than the cleaved COCs, in particular in the presence of urea. The combination of urea and EGF increased the depletion of AAs in the G-IVM system. However, the EGF abrogated the urea-induced depletion of AAs by the I-IVM COCs. The use of N-acetyl-L-cysteine as an EGFR inhibitor canceled urea-induced depletion of AAs. This shows the inhibiting effect of urea over the EGF/EGFR system. In the presence of urea + EGF, COCs had a lower degree of developmental competence than control in both I- and G-IVM systems. Arginine had the best predictive power to identify highly competent COCs in the G-IVM system, while glutamine was the best predictor of the cleavage in the I-IVM system.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/hygromycin-b.html  In conclusion, this multi-level study shows that COCs matured individually or in groups may have different association with AAs metabolism. These findings provide new insights into the relationships between AA metabolism and the subsequent developmental competence of COCs.