https://www.selleckchem.com/products/jsh-150.html The chapter ends with a discussion on the evaluation of motor function and praxis, highlighting benefits, and possible pitfalls.Jean Piaget's theory is a central reference point in the study of normal development in children. He proposed in the 20th century that distinct stages occur in the development of intellectual abilities from the preoperational period (intuitive stage 4-7 years old) to the second stage of conceptual intelligence. One of the most famous Piagetian tasks is number conservation. Failures and successes in this task reveal two fundamental stages in children's thinking and judgment, shifting at approximately 7 years of age from visuospatial intuition to logico-mathematical operation (i.e., number conservation). New emerging techniques in the 21st century, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, can support this preeminent theory with an understanding of the cerebral basis of the various stages. Since these new technologies are considered to be invasive in children, such techniques are subject to ethical views and concerns due to pediatric participants. The chapter discusses a brain imaging study on Piaget's conservation-of-number task, showing what can be accomplished through careful ethical considerations in the context of healthy children with normal cognitive development.Typical development and maturation of the auditory system, at both the peripheral and central levels, is essential for the acquisition of speech, language, and auditory skills. The peripheral system generally encodes three basic parameters associated with auditory stimuli-time, frequency, and intensity. These acoustic cues are subsequently processed by the central auditory structures to reach and be perceived by the cerebral cortex. Observations of the human fetal and neonatal ear indicate that the peripheral auditory system is structurally and functionally adult-like at birth. In contrast, the central auditory system exhib