Quadriceps echo intensity was independently and significantly associated with FILS score at discharge (β=-0.15, P < 0.01) and FILS change (β=-0.19, P < 0.01). Quadriceps thickness was not independently and significantly associated with FILS score at discharge or FILS change.
 
  The present study revealed that intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps in older inpatients is more strongly related to recovery of swallowing ability than is muscle mass.
 The present study revealed that intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps in older inpatients is more strongly related to recovery of swallowing ability than is muscle mass.
  Previous studies have indicated that dietary monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) are associated with decreased risk of osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the causality of the observed associations is largely undetermined. We sought to ascertain the potential causal roles of two of the most common MUFAs, oleic acid and palmitoleic acid, in RA and OA risk using a two-sample Mendelian randomization approach.
 
  For the outcomes, we used summary-level data for RA (14 361 people with RA and 43 923 controls) and OA (10 083 people with OA and 40 425 controls) from two genome-wide association studies in European ancestry. For the exposures, five single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with palmitoleic acid and one associated with oleic acid with genome-wide significance (P < 5×10
  ) were selected as instrumental variables. The causal effects were estimated using the inverse-variance weighted method with several sensitivity analyses.
 
  For genetically predicted levels, an increase of one SD in palmitoleic acid (odds ratio, 0.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.10-0.59; P=0.002) and oleic acid (odds ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.67-0.90; P < 0.001) was significantly associated with lower risk of RA. However, genetic predisposition to either of the two individual MUFAs was not associated with OA risk. Sensitivity analyses yielded similar results.
 
  Our Mendelian randomization analyses suggest a causal relationship between higher genetically predicted MUFA levels and lower risks of RA. However, the causality between MUFAs and OA cannot be inferred from this study. Further research is required to unravel the role of MUFA supplementation in arthritis prevention.
 Our Mendelian randomization analyses suggest a causal relationship between higher genetically predicted MUFA levels and lower risks of RA. However, the causality between MUFAs and OA cannot be inferred from this study. Further research is required to unravel the role of MUFA supplementation in arthritis prevention.
  A key clinical issue is how to maximise the belief change central to cognitive therapy. Physiological arousal is a key internal cue confirming threat beliefs in anxiety disorders.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AT9283.html  Deeper extinction of anxiety may occur if catastrophizing responses to physiological arousal are inhibited prior to joint exposure with external phobic stimuli. The aim of the study was to test whether increasing physiological arousal using exercise increases the benefits of behavioural tests.
 
  Sixty individuals with a fear of heights had one session of VR cognitive treatment. They were randomised to have the treatment either with periods of intense physical exercise (cycling at 80% of maximum heart rate) prior to exposures or without. Linear mixed effects models were used to check the manipulation and test the primary hypothesis of a group difference in degree of conviction in the phobic threat belief.
 
  Heart rate was significantly higher in the exercise group throughout compared with the control group. Both groups showed significant reductions in threat beliefs after the VR treatment (d=1.0, p<0.001) but there was no significant group difference (d=0.1, p=0.56).
 
  An increase in physiological arousal achieved via exercise did not enhance cognitive change in beliefs about feared stimuli.
 An increase in physiological arousal achieved via exercise did not enhance cognitive change in beliefs about feared stimuli.Atypical S1 and S11 split inteins have been used for N-terminal or C-terminal protein labeling. Here we reported a novel site-specific internal protein labeling method based on two atypical split inteins, Ter DnaE3 S11 and Rma DnaB S1. Protein-peptide trans-splicing activity was first demonstrated in vitro between a short peptide (Flag tag, FLAG) and two recombinant proteins (Maltose binding protein, MBP, and Thioredoxin, Trx) by trans-splicing between MBP-TE3S11N (MBP-N fragment of Ter DnaE3 S11), TE3S11C-FLAG-RBS1N (C fragment of Ter DnaE3 S11-FLAG-N fragment of Rma DnaB S1), and RBS1C-Trx (C fragment of Rma DnaB S1-Trx). To minimize the middle synthetic peptide (TE3S11C-linker-RBS1N), we reduced the number of native extein amino acids, which may play a role in protein trans-splicing. The results showed at least 3 (CKG) native extein amino acids were required for detectable trans-splicing activity. This method was further demonstrated to be effective in facilitating the incorporation of fluorescent probe (FITC) to the internal site of recombinant protein, generating the FITC-labeled protein. Besides the fluorescent group, these two split inteins can also be useful for adding any desirable chemical groups into a protein of interest, which may include biotin, modified and unnatural amino acids, or drug molecules.
  Pain anxiety has been associated with more severe posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, the unique role of individual domains of pain anxiety has yet to be explored in the prediction of PTSD severity. This study examined whether specific pain anxiety domains (i.e., cognitive anxiety, escape/avoidance, fear of pain, and physiological anxiety) predict both concurrent and downstream PTSD symptoms above and beyond other PTSD risk factors.
 
  Participants were 63 survivors of traumatic events with moderate to high baseline pain treated in the emergency department and assessed for PTSD symptoms and pain anxiety at 3- and 12-months.
 
  Three-month pain anxiety domains of fear of pain and physiological anxiety (inversely related) significantly predicted concurrent 3-month PTSD symptoms above and beyond other established PTSD risk factors (i.e., sex, age, pain, and trauma type). However, only 3-month fear of pain significantly predicted 12-month PTSD symptoms.
 
  Findings highlight the relevance of specific pain anxiety domains in concurrent and future PTSD symptoms and suggest the importance of evaluating pain anxiety among patients with PTSD.