This method may be used as a nonlinear nanofocusing light source to increase the light-matter nonlinear interaction.BACKGROUND DHA can regulate various physiological functions of cells. Our group has clarified the immunomodulatory activity and molecular mechanism of DHA on RAW264.7 cells. However, the effect of DHA on the membrane fatty acid environment and the activation of signaling pathways on the cell membrane is still not clear. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the fluidity, the potential and the fatty acid, phospholipid and protein composition of the RAW264.7 cell membrane by DHA treatment. RESULTS The fluidity of the RAW264.7 cell membrane was increased by DHA treatment. The results of membrane potential analysis suggested that DHA (2.4 μM) significantly reduced the surface potential of the cell membrane, which might influence the fluidity of cell membranes. In addition, the fatty acids and phospholipids were measured and the results indicated that DHA treatment (2.4 μM) altered the lipid environment and the composition of phospholipids on the RAW264.7 cell membrane. Then the LC-MS/MS-based label free quantitative proteomics approach was applied to identify a total of 86 differential proteins in the 2.4 μM DHA and control groups (>2.0-fold change or less then 0.5-fold change in protein expression); these proteins are most frequently related to the cell response to stimuli and the response to stress. These results suggested that DHA could alter the fluidity, the potential, the fatty acid and phospholipid composition of the RAW264.7 cell membrane, eventually affecting the proteins of the cell membrane, especially the changes in Siglec 1, iNOS, GPR120, Ras and MEK expressions (validated by western blot analysis), which are likely associated with the activation of the intracellular signaling pathway in RAW264.7 cells by DHA treatment.A multifunctional plasmonic gold chip has been constructed for early diagnosis and highly effective killing of bacteria, which is critical for human health. The chip features high bacterial capture efficiency, plasmon-enhanced fluorescence (PEF) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and can act as a highly sensitive sensor for dual-mode bacteria imaging and detection (down to 102 CFU mL-1) with good reliability and accuracy. The developed assay can distinguish Gram-positive S. aureus bacteria from Gram-negative E. coli bacteria, providing valuable information for therapy. Importantly, the chip presents excellent photothermal antibacterial activity (98%) and can inactivate both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in situ. Furthermore, the chip was used to effectively promote the wound healing process in bacteria infected mice in vivo, showing great potential for antibacterial applications.Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when consumed in adequate concentrations. The strains most frequently used as probiotics include Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria. Probiotics have demonstrated significant potential as therapeutic options for various diseases. In addition to oligosaccharides, proteins, hydrolysates and peptides have also been shown function as prebiotics to promote the growth of probiotics. Therefore, this review provides a summary of the available information and current knowledge on the effects of various proteins on probiotics, focusing on how proteins influence probiotics, although uncertainties and disagreements about how the metabolism of proteins promotes probiotics still exist. Understanding the relationship between proteins and probiotics will allow appropriate prebiotic selection and the development of effective methods to promote the proliferation of probiotics.Sarcodon aspratus is a popular edible fungus that has commonly been used as a functional food in China and other Asian countries.  https://www.selleckchem.com/  This study is conducted to examine the potential health benefits of Sarcodon aspratus polysaccharides (SATPs), on obesity and related metabolism disorders. C57BL/6J mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) and supplemented with SATPs (100-400 mg kg-1) for 14 weeks. The results indicated that SATP treatment markedly reduced HFD-induced body weight gain and fat accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. SATPs could improve lipid homeostasis and glucose tolerance in HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, SATP intervention significantly attenuated hepatic steatosis, liver oxidative stress and inflammation. Additionally, we detected the macrophage and mRNA levels of lipogenesis markers in epididymal adipose tissues, and the results revealed that SATPs exerted inhibitory effects on the activation of immune cells and adipocyte differentiation in adipose tissues. High-throughput pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA suggested that SATP intervention was able to down-regulate the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio, and also increase the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Bacteroides and Akkermansia in mice with HFD challenge. Taken together, SATPs showed ameliorative effects on hepatic steatosis, inflammation and adipocyte differentiation in HFD-fed mice. Notably, SATPs could modulate HFD-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota. Thus, they might be a potential health supplement or prebiotic in the prevention of obesity and related metabolic disorders.Tuning the energies of molecular excited states is a central research theme in modern chemistry with high relevance for optoelectronic applications and chemical synthesis. Whereas frontier orbitals have proven to be an intuitive and simple model in many cases, they can only provide a very rough approximation of the underlying wavefunctions. The purpose of this Perspective is to explore how our qualitative understanding of electronic excitation processes can be promoted beyond the molecular orbital picture by exploiting methods and insights from modern quantum chemistry. For this purpose, the physics of a correlated electron-hole pair is analysed in detail to show the origin of exchange repulsion and a dynamic Coulomb attraction, which determine its energy aside from the orbital energies. Furthermore, we identify and discuss the two additional effects of secondary orbital relaxation and de-excitations. Rules for reconstructing these four contributions from general excited-state computations are presented and their use is exemplified in three case studies concerned with the relative ordering of the singlet and triplet ππ* and nπ* states of uracil, the large energetic differences between the first singlet and triplet states of the polyacenes, and the assignment of plasmonic states in octatetraene.