https://www.selleckchem.com/ The transition from normal lung anatomy to minimal and established fibrosis is an important feature of the pathology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The purpose of this report is to examine the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with this transition. Pre-operative thoracic Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) scans of patients with severe IPF (n=9) were used to identify regions of minimal(n=27) and established fibrosis(n=27). MDCT, Micro-CT, quantitative histology, and next-generation sequencing were used to compare 24 samples from donor controls (n=4) to minimal and established fibrosis samples. The present results extended earlier reports about the transition from normal lung anatomy to minimal and established fibrosis by showing that there are activations of TGFBI, T cell co-stimulatory genes, and the down-regulation of inhibitory immune-checkpoint genes compared to controls. The expression patterns of these genes indicated activation of a field immune response, which is furtherophages. These molecular and cellular events correlate with the development of structural abnormality of IPF and probably contribute to its pathogenesis. Although significant advances have been made recently to characterize the biology of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), more efforts are needed to improve our understanding and to face challenges related to the aggressiveness, high mortality rate and chemoresistance of this disease. In this study, we perform the metabolomics profiling of 77 PDAC patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDTX) to investigate the relationship of metabolic profiles with overall survival (OS) in PDAC patients, tumor phenotypes and resistance to five anticancer drugs (gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, docetaxel, SN-38 and 5-Fluorouracil). We identified a metabolic signature that was able to predict the clinical outcome of PDAC patients (p < 0.001, HR=2.68 [95% CI 1.5-4.9]). The correlation analysis showed that this meta