Ophthalmology has been at the forefront of many innovations in basic science and clinical research. The randomized prospective multicenter clinical trial, comparative clinical trials, the bench to beside development of diagnostic and therapeutic devices, the powerful combination of biostatistics and epidemiology, gene therapy, cell-based therapy, stem cell therapy, regenerative medicine, artificial intelligence, and the development of personalized molecular medicine continue to propel us forward. This article summarizes several critical trends in eye research.Innovative translational research continues to bring new solutions to blinding retinal diseases. The discovery of the genetic code presaged a day when the development of molecular tools and understanding of the basis of disease would lead not only to disease management but potentially lifelong cure. After decades of investigation, gene therapy is now a reality for a single autosomal recessive bi-allelic disease, Lebers Congenital Amaurosis. Its success has paved the way for a myriad of conditions once thought to be untreatable. In parallel, the progress to utilize pluripotential stem cells, immunomodulation, computational biology, and continued investigation into the fundamental mechanisms of cell and molecular biology is breathtaking in its rapidity. The next decade is likely to be the most exciting in the history of medicine. It will be essential that research progresses in a meticulously thoughtful, ethical, and collaborative process that safeguards the trust of our work and that of the society we serve.Presented as the International Award Lecture, Asia-Pacific Vitreoretinal Society meeting, November 2019, Shanghai China.Investigators, scientists, and physicians continue to develop new methods of intraocular lens (IOL) calculation to improve the refractive accuracy after cataract surgery. To gain more accurate prediction of IOL power, vergence lens formulas have incorporated additional biometric variables, such as anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, white-to-white measurement, and even age in some algorithms. Newer formulas diverge from their classic regression and vergence-based predecessors and increasingly utilize techniques such as exact ray-tracing data, more modern regression models, and artificial intelligence. This review provides an update on recent literature comparing the commonly used third- and fourth-generation IOL formulas with newer generation formulas. Refractive outcomes with newer formulas are increasingly more and more accurate, so it is important for ophthalmologists to be aware of the various options for choosing IOL power. Historically, refractive outcomes have been especially unpredictable in patients with unusual biometry, corneal ectasia, a history of refractive surgery, and in pediatric patients. Refractive outcomes in these patient populations are improving. Improved biometry technology is also allowing for improved refractive outcomes and surgery planning convenience with the availability of newer formulas on various biometry platforms. It is crucial for surgeons to understand and utilize the most accurate formulas for their patients to provide the highest quality of care.Purpose The last decade has witnessed an unprecedented growth in glaucoma treatment options through the introduction of minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries (MIGS). The aim of the present review is to provide an understanding of the currently available MIGS and to examine what data are currently available to guide treatment choice. Design Meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized and non-randomized control trials. Methods Out of 2567 articles identified, a total of 77 articles were retained for analysis, including 28 comparative studies and 12 randomized control trials. Overall, 7570 eyes were included. When data permitted, the weighted mean difference in intraocular pressure reduction was calculated for comparison purposes. Results Weighted mean intraocular pressure reductions from all analyzed studies were 15.3% (iStent), 29.1% (iStent inject), 36.2% (ab interno canaloplasty), 34.4% (Hydrus), 36.5% (gonioscopically-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy), 24.0% (trabectome), 25.1% (Kahook dual blade), 30.2% (Cypass), 38.8% (XEN), and 50.0% (Preserflo). Conclusions One of the advantages of the heterogenous range of available MIGS options is the chance to tailor therapy in an individualized manner. However, high-quality data are required to make this choice more than an educated guess. Overall, this review confirms the efficiency of assessed MIGS compared with standalone phacoemulsification, but it highlights that only few studies compare different MIGS techniques and even fewer assess MIGS against criterion standard treatments. Current evidence, while non-negligible, is mostly limited to heterogenous nonrandomized studies and uncontrolled retrospective comparisons, with few quality randomized control trials. We suggest that future research should be comparative and include relevant comparators, standardized to report key outcome features, long-term to assess sustainability and late complications, and ideally randomized.Treatments for central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) have improved dramatically with the advent of intravitreal agents aimed at blocking the effects of the dominant hypoxia-induced upreglulated cytokine, which is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This cytokine breaks down the capillary endothelial barriers and is a major component of the macular edema in this condition. These treatments although impressive only address some of the sequelae of CRVO and have no effect on the underlying cause which is an obstruction to venous outflow leading to retinal blood flow stagnation and an elevation of the retinal central venous pressure (CVP). The creation of a laser-induced chorioretinal anastomosis (L-CRA) between the obstructed high pressure retinal venous circulation and the unobstructed low pressure choroidal venous circulation is a means addressing the causal pathology.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bindarit.html  The L-CRA will help lower the elevated CVP, which has been up until now an unaddressed component of the macular edema in this condition.This article reviews the preclinical and clinical development of the L-CRA and the results of the studies into its effect on the natural history of CRVO.