The apoptotic cell percentage was 1.95, 5.35, 15.61 and 34.71% at limonene concentrations of 0, 9, 18 and 36 µM. Further, the apoptotic effects of limonene were also confirmed by Western blot analysis and the results showed increase in the expression of Bax and caspase-3 and decrease of Bcl-2 expression. Limonene also caused G2/M phase cell cycle arrest as well as suppression of cell migration and invasion. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that limonene might be used as a potent anticancer agent against human bladder cancer for which further in depth studies are needed, especially over its toxicological studies.PURPOSE Heptaphylline has been shown to suppress the growth of different types of cancer cells. Nonetheless, the anticancer effects of Heptaphylline have not been examined against human bladder cancer cells. Against this backdrop, this study was undertaken to investigate the anticancer effects of the carbazole alkaloid Heptaphylline against human bladder cancer cells. METHODS Proliferation rate was determined by MTT assay. Apoptosis was demonstrated by DAPI and annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assay. Electron microscopy was used for autophagy detection. Western blot analysis was used to determine protein expression. RESULTS The results showed that Heptaphylline suppressed the proliferation of the RT4 bladder cancer cells and exhibited an IC50 of 25 µM. The toxic effects of Heptaphylline were comparatively lower on the normal Hs172.T cells, as evidenced from the IC50 of 95 µM. The wound healing assay showed that Heptaphylline suppressed the migration of the RT4 bladder cancer cells. The DAPI and annexin V/PI staining showed that Heptaphylline induced apoptosis in the RT4 bladder cancer cells which was also accompanied by enhancement in the cleavage of PARP, caspase-3 and caspase-9. Additionally, Heptaphylline caused increase in Bax and decrease in Bcl-2 expression. Electron microscopic analysis showed that Heptaphylline also caused autophagy in the RT4 cells which was associated with increase in LC3, Atg5, Atg7 and Beclin-1 expression and decrease in p62 expression. This molecule also blocked the β-catenin signalling pathway in the RT4 bladder cancer cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, Heptaphylline suppressed the proliferation of the bladder cancer cells and may prove beneficial in the bladder cancer treatment.PURPOSE There are conflicting results in the literature about the relationship between PD-1/PD-L1 expression and prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between NSCLC patients' clinicopathologic characteristics and PD-1/PD-L1 expression.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/carfilzomib-pr-171.html  METHODS Pathology specimens of eligible stage II-III NSCLC patients were immunohistochemically stained with PD-1 and PD-L1 antibodies. Patient files and digital records were retrospectively reviewed for demographic and clinical features such as age, gender, smoking status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS), histological tumor subtype, applied chemotherapeutic types and their dates and survival data. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate prognostic effects of staining status of PD-L1 and PD-1 in tumor cells and PD-L1 in tumor infiltrating inflammatory cells. RESULTS In a total 74 patients, 45.9% of them were positive for PD-L1 in tumor cells, 67.9% positive for PD-L1 in tumor infiltrating inflammatory cells and 83.8% positive for PD-1 in tumor cells (p>0.05). There was a statistically significant relationship between the positive staining of PD-L1 tumor cells and increased overall survival (OS) in univariate analysis (3-year OS; PD-L1(+) 76.6% vs PD-L1(-) 41%, p=0.031). In multivariate analysis only stage and ECOG PS were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS PD-L1 positivity in tumor cells was a positive prognostic factor for OS in patients with stage II and III NSCLC.PURPOSE Drug resistance in lung cancer is a growing and challenging problem affecting the overall treatment and quality of the patient's life. The main purpose of the current study was to investigate the anticancer effects of flavokawain-B in gemcitabine-resistant non-small lung cancer cells (NSCLC) along with evaluating its mode of action by studying its effects on programmed cell death, ROS production, cell migration and invasion and PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. METHODS Cell proliferation rate was studied using MTS cell viability assay while apoptosis induction by flavokawain-B was studied by fluorescence microscopy using DAPI staining as well as flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI). Effects on mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were studied by flow cytometry using Rh-123 and DCH-DA dyes respectively. Effects on cell migration and cell invasion were examined by in vitro wound healing assay and transwell assay respectively. Changes in PI3K/AKT proteiated via apoptosis induction, ROS production, loss of MMP, suppression of cell migration and invasion and blocking PI3K/AKT signalling pathway.PURPOSE This study aimed to compare between the clinical efficacy of laparotomy and laparoscopic radical resection of gastric cancer and their effects on C-reactive protein (CRP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and insulin resistance. METHODS 210 patients with gastric cancer admitted to Dongying People's Hospital from September 2013 to July 2015 were included in this study. The patients were divided according to surgery type into the laparotomy group (n = 104) and the laparoscopy group (n = 106). The operative time, intraoperative bleeding, lymph node dissection, postoperative exhaust time and postoperative complications were recorded. Peripheral blood CRP and CEA levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fasting blood glucose (FBG), AND fasting insulin (FINS) levels were measured before operation and 1, 3 and 7 days after operation. All patients were followed up by telephone and letters for 5 years. The patients in the two groups were investigated by a quality of life questionnaire. RESULTS The intraoperative bleeding and postoperative exhaust time in THE laparoscopy group were significantly lower than those in the traditional laparotomy group, while the operative time and the number of lymph node dissections were higher. The CRP and CEA in the laparoscopy group were significantly lower than in the laparotomy group on the 1ST, 2ND and 3RD day after operation (p less then 0.05). The FBG, FINS and HOMA-IR in the laparoscopy group were significantly lower than those in the laparotomy group on the 1ST and 3RD day after operation (p less then 0.05). The scores of quality of life in the laparoscopy group were lower than those in the laparotomy group (p less then 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, laparoscopic radical resection of gastric cancer can reduce the levels of CRP, CEA and insulin resistance, while the degree of inflammation and insulin resistance after laparoscopy is lower than that after laparotomy, which is beneficial to postoperative recovery.