https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Bleomycin-sulfate.html Intracellular organelles do not, as thought for a long time, act in isolation but are dynamically tethered together by entire machines responsible for inter-organelle trafficking and positioning. Among the proteins responsible for tethering is the family of vesicle-associated proteins (VAPs) that appear in all eukaryotes and are localized primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum. The major functional role of VAP proteins is to tether the endoplasmic reticulum with different organelles, and regulate lipid metabolism and transport. VAP proteins have gained increasing attention because of their role in human pathology where they contribute to infections by viruses and bacteria, and participate in neurodegeneration. In this review, we discuss the structure, evolution and functions of VAP proteins, focusing more specifically on VAP-B for its relationship with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases.New drug candidates often require bio-enabling formation technologies such as lipid-based formulations, solid dispersions, or nanosized drug formulations. Development of such more sophisticated delivery systems generally requires higher resource investment compared to a conventional oral dosage form, which might slow down clinical development. To achieve the biopharmaceutical objectives while enabling rapid cost effective development, it is imperative to identify a suitable formulation technique for a given drug candidate as early as possible. Hence many companies have developed internal decision trees based mostly on prior organizational experience, though they also contain some arbitrary elements. As part of the EU funded PEARRL project, a number of new decision trees are here proposed that reflect both the current scientific state of the art and a consensus among the industrial project partners. This commentary presents and discusses these, while also going beyond this classical expert appr