https://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd9291.html Plants catalyze the biosynthesis of a large number of non-protein amino acids, which are usually toxic for other organisms. In this review, the chemistry and metabolism of N-heterocyclic non-protein amino acids from plants are described. These N-heterocyclic non-protein amino acids are composed of β-substituted alanines and include mimosine, β-pyrazol-1-yl-L-alanine, willardiine, isowillardiine, and lathyrine. These β-substituted alanines consisted of an N-heterocyclic moiety and an alanyl side chain. This review explains how these individual moieties are derived from their precursors and how they are used as the substrate for biosynthesizing the respective N-heterocyclic non-protein amino acids. In addition, known catabolism and possible role of these non-protein amino acids in the actual host is explained. Inflammatory vascular disease of the arteries, such as inflamed atheromatous plaques or arteritis, may cause aneurysms or ischemic strokes. In this context, using positron emission tomography (PET) to image inflammation may help select patients who would benefit from appropriate therapeutic interventions. This study sought to assess the usefulness of the 18kDa translocator protein (TSPO) tracers [ C]-PBR28 and [ F]-PBR06 for imaging inflammatory vascular disease in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemistry for macrophage infiltration as well as autoradiography with [ F]-PBR06 were performed on eight paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed atherosclerosis plaques prospectively collected after carotid endarterectomy of eight patients affected by ischemic stroke. Six different patients, one of whom was also included in the in vitro study, underwent PET imaging. Two patients with carotid stenosis associated with ischemic stroke were imaged with [ F]-PBR06 PET/CT, and four other patients (three with large vessel vasculitis and one with bilateral carotid stenosis but without stroke) were imaged with [ C]-PBR28. All in vitro se