However, when hemoglobin level is less then ~10 g/dl, the incidence of major hemorrhages remains high, also in patients treated with the new anticoagulants. These data suggest that in patients with atrial fibrillation and mild anemia, anticoagulant treatment appears to be effective, but requires close monitoring during follow-up, whereas in patients with more severe anemia the choice of whether or not to prescribe an anticoagulant treatment should be made on a case by case basis, considering the thromboembolic risk, the etiology of chronic anemia and the history and general condition of the patient. New oral anticoagulants should be preferred to warfarin.In the last decades, scientific evidence regarding the key role of cholesterol in atherosclerosis pathogenesis has led to the development of lipid-lowering treatments that can be used in addition to statins or in place of them in case of intolerance. Bempedoic acid represents an effective and safe new therapeutic option in hypercholesterolemia management. Clinical studies have demonstrated that bempedoic acid can significantly reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in several clinical settings. Furthermore, bempedoic acid has also been associated with the improvement of other biomarkers, including reduced apolipoprotein B and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, effects that can increase the clinical benefits of this treatment.Heart failure (HF) is the final common pathway of many cardiovascular diseases and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Natural history of HF patients can be improved when early diagnosis is achieved, and a timely treatment is initiated. Circulating biomarkers, reflecting pathophysiological pathways involved in HF development and progression, help clinicians diagnose and manage patients with HF. Natriuretic peptides are cardioprotective hormones released by cardiomyocytes in response to pressure/volume overload. B-type natriuretic peptides, namely B-type natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, have been widely validated as tools for diagnosis and risk stratification of HF, and their use appears promising also for screening the population at risk and as a guide for preventive measures halting progression towards HF.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CP-690550.html  Conversely, there is conflicting evidence regarding their role as a guidance for HF therapy.The liver is not the exclusive site of glucose production in humans in the post-absorption state. Experimental data showed that the kidney is able of carrying out gluconeogenesis. Renal glucose production accounts for 20% of systemic glucose production. Evidence indicates that the kidney is able to reabsorb glucose from the glomerular filtrate through the sodium-glucose co-transporters (SGLT) 1 and 2 placed under the Bowman's capsule, in the thick portion of the proximal convoluted tubule, preserving this essential energy substrate for the organism. The maximal renal glucose reabsorption capacity (TmG), as well as the threshold for the spillover of glucose in the urine, are higher in diabetics than normal subjects and contribute to the hyperglycemic state in the absence of glycosuria. The administration of SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetics improves the excretion of sodium and glucose, reducing the threshold of glycosuria and TmG. This also restores the sodium concentration in the filtrate that reaches the macula densa (juxtaglomerular apparatus), which signals the appropriate perfusion of the kidney, defusing the secretion of renin and the activation of the neurohormonal axis that leads to the production of angiotensin II.Large clinical trials conducted with SGLT2 inhibitors in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus have demonstrated the great ability of this new class of drugs to achieve cardiac and renal benefits. All studies have shown SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the risk of hospitalizations for heart failure and the progression of kidney damage. A part of the favorable mechanisms is mediated by the natriuretic effect that is associated with the glycosuric effect, which reduces the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system together with glomerular hyperfiltration.The aim of this review is to expand the knowledge among general cardiologists on the role of SGLT2 and SGLT1 in renal glucose homeostasis in healthy and diabetic subjects in the light of a potent class of drugs counteracting heart failure.Type 2 sodium-glucose co-transporter inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a new drug class with extremely relevant benefits in the prevention and treatment of heart failure (HF). In type 2 diabetic patients with both high cardiovascular risk and known cardiovascular disease, SGLT2i proved effective in reducing the risk of HF hospitalizations as well as the progression of renal disease. New evidence in patients with chronic HF and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) has also demonstrated their prognostic beneficial effects both in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Based on these data, the use of this class of drugs in daily clinical practice is of primary importance to prevent HF hospitalization in diabetic patients and to improve the prognosis of HFrEF regardless of the presence of diabetes. In these patients, SGLT2i act synergistically with drugs capable of modulating the neurohormonal systems, thus allowing a further prognostic benefit.Over the past five decades, we have witnessed significant developments in the management of patients with arterial hypertension and elucidation of basic mechanisms involved in the disease. Many of these progresses resulted from experimental and clinical studies conducted in Italy. Several randomized clinical trials have been carried out worldwide and in Italy according to the best available evidence-based medicine rules, often before the initiation of comparable studies in different cardiovascular areas (acute coronary syndromes, arrhythmias, heart failure). Because of these progresses, we currently dispose of a huge therapeutic armamentarium of effective and generally well tolerated antihypertensive drugs. Ablation of renal nerves is a procedure which is re-gaining attention. We are also learning how to correctly measure blood pressure not only in the hospital setting, but also during normal daily activities using 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and self-measured home blood pressure. Out-of-office blood pressure proved to be superior to office blood pressure in its relationship with hypertensive organ damage and risk of major cardiovascular complications and mortality.