Moreover, the equations of the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) were obtained for each season.Anthropogenic water use and reuse represent major components of the water cycle. In the context of climate change, water reuse and recycling are considered necessary components for an integrated water management approach. Unplanned, or de facto, indirect water reuse occurs in most of the U.S. river systems, however, there is little real-time documentation of it. Despite the fact that there are national and state agencies that systematically collect data on water withdrawals and wastewater discharges, their databases are organized and managed in a way that makes it challenging to use them for water resource management analysis. The ability to combine reported water data to perform large scale analysis about water use and reuse is severely limited. In this paper, we apply a simple but effective methodology to complete a time series watershed-scale analysis of water use and unplanned indirect reuse for the Wabash River Watershed. Results document the occurrence of indirect water reuse, ranging from 3% to 134%, in a water-rich area of the U.S. The time series analysis shows that reported data effectively describe the water use trends through nine years, from 2009 to 2017, clearly reflecting both anthropogenic and natural events in the watershed, such as the retirement of thermoelectric power plants, and the occurrence of an extreme drought in 2012. We demonstrate the feasibility and significance of using available water datasets to perform large scale water use analysis, describe limitations encountered in the process, and highlight areas for improvement in water data management.The increase in urban runoff brought about by a rise in impermeable surfaces has triggered the alteration and pollution of many aquatic systems. The overall goal of this research was to design a 'Sustainable Urban Drainage System' (SUDS) for the retention of heavy metals from a car park consisting of mixing autochthonous soil (70%) with sand (30%) to improve the hydrological conductivity and adsorption capacity. To quantify the retention of metals we characterize the adsorption kinetics and isotherms of the soil mixture and perform dynamic experiments. The proposed methodology allowed us to work out the amount of heavy metal retention by the adsorbent and the retention mechanisms. The retention capacity of the adsorbent mixture was as follows Cr3+ ≈ Cu2+ ≫ Zn2+ > Ni2+ > Cd2+. Chromium and copper ions were mainly retained by precipitation, whereas zinc, nickel and cadmium were retained by ionic exchange with calcium ions that saturate the soil colloids. The soil mixture buffered pH was found to change when fed with an acid solution of metallic ions.Micro-sized zero-valent iron (mZVI) has proven effective for phycocyanin (PC) removal, but efficiency needs to be enhanced. Here, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used to enhance PC removal by mZVI and the corresponding mechanisms are discussed. The results showed that H2O2 could effectively enhance PC removal by mZVI and the PC removal efficiency increased from 37.8% to 80.6% with 1.5 g/L mZVI in 60 min reaction time. The trends of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) removal were consistent with PC removal. Low pH value, high mZVI dosage, and a suitable amount of H2O2 were conducive to PC removal. The SEM-mapping indicated that PC removal was not primarily by adsorption. Similarly, no obvious change was observed in PC molecular structure based on fluorescence spectroscopy and SDS-PAGE analyses. However, the PC removal mechanism could be inferred from the variation of iron concentration in the process. The coagulation of dissolved iron ions dissolved from mZVI was the main removal pathway. The OH oxidation only accounted for 20% of PC removal. PC removal led to the reduction of disinfection by-products with similar efficiency. The combination of mZVI and H2O2 is a promising strategy for the simultaneous removal of PC and DON in drinking water treatments.Ecological stoichiometry is the study of the balance of ecosystem energy and nutrient cycling, especially carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). C, N, and P are the key elements for plant growth and metabolism. Systematic research on leaf stoichiometry in mangrove forest ecosystems is still lacking.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pt2399.html  To understand the leaf stoichiometry of introduced species and native species in mangrove forests, we selected four species (one introduced species, Sonneratia apetala, and three native species, Avicennia marina, Aegiceras corniculatum, and Kandelia obovate) and measured leaf C, N, and P contents under different light conditions. The results showed that there were significant negative scaling relationships of leaf C versus N and C versus P but positive scaling relationships of leaf N versus P in the four mangrove species. Light and competition had significant effects on leaf stoichiometry, especially under the full light condition. S. apetala influenced leaf elements in a mixture with native species. Interspecific competition reduced leaf N and P contents in A. corniculatum and K. obovate but increased leaf N and P contents in A. marina. Leaf N and P contents of the four species showed similar responses to both intraspecific and interspecific competition. The ratio of leaf CNP (108111) in the mangrove forests was lower than that in other ecosystems, and species with a higher growth rate had a higher leaf P content and lower NP ratio, supporting the growth rate hypothesis. Leaf NP was 11.04, indicating that there was N limitation in the mangrove forests. This systematic research of leaf stoichiometry of mangrove forests improves our understanding of mangrove growth and nutrient use strategies in response to different environmental stresses.Trace element concentrations in the rhizosphere were quantified to better understand why soil liming often fails to reduce cadmium (Cd) uptake by plants. Maize seedlings were grown on a soil with natural background levels of Cd and zinc (Zn). Soil liming increased soil pH from 4.9 to 6.5 and lowered the soil solution free ion activities by factor 7 (Cd) and 9 (Zn). In contrast, shoot Cd concentrations were unaffected by liming while shoot Zn concentrations were lowered by factor 1.9. Mapping of labile soil trace elements using diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) in combination with laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) revealed an almost complete depletion of Cd in the rhizosphere in all soil treatments, showing that Cd uptake is controlled by diffusion. The flux of Cd from soil to the DGT, with direct contact between the soil and the binding gel, was unaffected by liming whereas it decreased by factor 3 for Zn, closely mimicking the contrasting effects of liming on Cd and Zn bioavailability.