er of tests performed in a given year.Until the 19th century, the factor causing epidemics was not known, and the escape from a place where it occurred as well as isolation of patients was considered to be the only effective way to avoid illness and death. Quarantine in a sense similar to modern times was used in 1377 in Ragusa, today's Dubrovnik, during the plague epidemic. It was the first administratively imposed procedure in the world's history. It was later used in Venice and other rich port cities in the Mediterranean. On the territory of today's Poland, quarantine measures were used by the so-called Mayor of the Air - LukaszDrewno in 1623 during the plague epidemic in Warsaw. The quarantine left its mark on all areas of human activity. It affected all humanity in a way that is underestimated today. Throughout history, it has been described and presented visually. It is omnipresent in the world literature, art and philosophy. However, the isolation and closure of cities, limiting trade, had an impact on the economic balance, and the dilemma between the choice of inhabitants' health and the quality of existence, i.e. their wealth, has been the subject of discussions since the Middle Ages. Since the end of the 19th century, quarantine has lost its practical meaning. The discovery of bacteria and a huge development of medical and social sciences allowed limiting its range. In the 20th century isolation and quarantine no longer had a global range, because the ability to identify factors causing the epidemic, knowledge about the incubation period, carrier, infectiousness, enabled the rational determination of its duration and territorial range. The modern SARS COV 2 pandemic has resulted in a global quarantine on a scale unprecedented for at least three hundred years. The aim of this paper is to present the history of quarantine from its beginning to the present day, including its usefulness as an epidemiological tool.Communicable diseases have accompanied humanity since the beginning of its existence. The first descriptions of diseases appeared in the 8th century B.C. in the Iliad, Homer. Epidemics of communicable diseases were often described in social context by poets, historians, and chroniclers. Medicine as a science until the 19th century could not provide answers concerning the aetiology of epidemic diseases or propose therapies with measurable benefits. For centuries the fight against epidemics was the duty of administrative services. Quarantine, isolation (including forced isolation), sanitary cordons, and disinfection procedures involving the moxibustion, burning of objects, clothing and bodies, etc. were introduced very early on. The knowledge of practical measures taken during repeated epidemics of various communicable diseases in Europe laid the foundations for the development of social medicine in the 18th century. In the 19th century, methods such as statistics, comparison of patient groups, mathematics and emiologists and Doctors of Infectious Diseases in Cracow, a decision was made to extend epidemiological studies to non-communicable diseases.
  Information is presented about cholera as an infectious disease and an epidemic in Polish lands and in Europe in 1831 based on old and modern sources.
 
  To analyze the difference in the percentages of deaths from cholera depending on age, in the Tuliszków parish during the cholera epidemic in 1831.
 
  A query was carried out in the archives. Information on deaths between 1829 and 1839 was obtained from the parish registry files.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Nolvadex.html  The following factors were taken into account the cause of death, the age of the deceased and the place of residence. For individual age groups, the numbers of people who died of cholera in 1831 and those who died from other causes in the control year 1835 were compared by the Fisher test. The GBL and PubMed database was searched using the keywords cholera, cholera epidemic, deaths, Tuliszków, the year 1831, Holy Spirit Hospital, Konin.
 
  An outbreak of cholera in Tuliszków parish in 1831 began around the 8th of August and lasted until about the 10th of October. 81 people died of cholera 74 people in Tuliszków and 7 people in Sarbicko. The number of deaths in infants and children up to 5 years of age was in fact significantly lower than in other age groups (p = 0.0052). The percentage of deaths from cholera compared to deaths from other causes among infants and children under 5 years of age decreased from 52.46% to 28.4%. In the age group of 20 to 40 years old it increased from 13.11% to 23.46% and in the age group over 55 years from 9.84% to 19.75%.
 
  In Tuliszków parish in 1831, the number of deaths of infants and children under 5 years of age caused by cholera was indeed significantly lower than in other age groups (p = 0.0052).
 In Tuliszków parish in 1831, the number of deaths of infants and children under 5 years of age caused by cholera was indeed significantly lower than in other age groups (p = 0.0052).
  The optimal timing of measurable residual disease (MRD) evaluation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients has not been well-defined yet. We aimed to investigate the impact of MRD in pre and post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) periods on prognostic parameters.
 
  Seventy-seven AML patients who underwent AHSCT in complete morphological remission were included. MRD analyses were performed by 10 color multiparameter flow cytometer and 10-4 was defined as positive. Relapse risk and survival outcomes were assessed based on pre- and post-AHSCT MRD positivity.
 
  The median age of the patients was 46 (18-71) years, of whom 41 (%53.2) were male and 36 (%46.8) were female. The median follow-up after AHSCT was 12.2 months (range 0.2-73.0). The 2-year overall survival (OS) in the entire cohort was 37.0%, with a significant difference between patients who were MRD-negative and MRD-positive before AHSCT, estimated as 63.0% vs. 16.0%, respectively (p=0.005). MRD positivity on +28 days post-AHSCT was also associated with a significantly inferior 2-year OS, when compared to MRD negatives (p=0.03). The risk of relapse at 1-year was 2.4 times [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-5.6; p=0.04] higher in the pre-SCT MRD-positive group when compared to the MRD-negative, regardless of other transplant related factors, including pre-AHSCT disease status [i.e.; complete remission 1 (CR1) and CR2]. Event free survival (EFS) was significantly shorter in patients who were pre-AHSCT MRD-positive (p=0.016). Post-AHSCT MRD positivity was also related to an increased relapse risk. OS and EFS were significantly inferior among patients MRD-positive on +28 days post-AHSCT (p=0.03 & p=0.019).
 
  Our results indicate the importance of MRD before and after AHSCT independent of the other factors.
 Our results indicate the importance of MRD before and after AHSCT independent of the other factors.