https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ms4078.html A wide gap between the increasing demand for organs and the limited supply leads to immeasurable loss of life each year. The organ shortage could be attenuated by donors with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV). The transplantation of organs from HIV+ deceased donors into HIV+ individuals (HIV D+ /R+) was initiated in South Africa in 2010; however, this practice was forbidden in the USA until the HIV Organ Policy Equity (HOPE) Act in 2013. HIV D+/R+ transplantation is now practiced in the USA as part of ongoing research studies, helping to reduce waiting times for all patients on the waitlist. The introduction of direct acting antivirals for HCV has revolutionized the utilization of donors with HCV for HCV-uninfected (HCV-) recipients. This is particularly relevant as the HCV donor pool has increased substantially in the context of the rise in deaths related to drug overdose from injection drug use. This article serves to review the current literature on using organs from donors with HIV or HCV.Bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) are implicated in the development of metabolic disorders, such diabetes mellitus. However, the epigenetic mechanism underlying the pancreatic β-cell dysregulation for both BPA/BPS needs clarification. This exploratory study was designed to investigate whether embryonic exposure to low BPA/BPS concentrations impair early pancreatic β-cell differentiation as well as DNA methylation in its gene expression profile using an in vivo model, zebrafish. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 µM BPA/BPS at 4-h post fertilization (hpf) until 120 hpf. BPA/BPS-induced effects on pancreatic-related genes, insulin gene, and DNA methylation-associated genes were assessed at developmental stages (24-120 hpf), while glucose level was measure at the 120 hpf. The insulin expression levels decreased at 72-120 hpf for 1.0 µM BPA, while 0.32 and 0.24-fold of