ts in common wheat with potential applications for the genetic improvement of crops.
  Calvarial bone grafts as a pre-implant augmentation procedure are mostly used to reconstruct the edentulous maxilla, although calvarial grafts could also be used in the partially dentate patients needing extensive bone grafting.
 
  In 7 consecutive partially dentate patients needing bone grafting because of a large bony defect as a result of trauma (n = 1), oligodontia (n = 1), failed previous bone augmentation (n = 1), or atrophy (n = 4), the alveolar process was reconstructed with calvarial bone as a pre-implant procedure.
 
  A total of 30 implants was placed either immediate at the time of bone grafting (13 implants) or after a healing time of 4 months when immediate placement was not possible (17 implants). One wound dehiscence occurred that needed secondary intervention. During follow-up (40 ± 14 months), one implant was lost due to peri-implantitis with an infected osteosynthesis screw. Marginal peri-implant bone loss was 0.65 ± 0.47 mm during this period.
 
  Calvarial bone is a sound extra-oral donor site when aiming for reconstruction of a large bony defect of the alveolar process of partially dentate patients.
 Calvarial bone is a sound extra-oral donor site when aiming for reconstruction of a large bony defect of the alveolar process of partially dentate patients.Contrasting findings made it unclear what cognitive processes New Caledonian crows use to procure suitable tools to solve tool tasks. Most previous studies suggested that their tool procurement is achieved by either trial and error or a simple heuristic. The latter provides a fast and cognitively efficient method for stable, routinized behaviour based on past experience with little or no deliberate decision-making. However, early papers by Chappell and Kacelnik reported that two New Caledonian crows procured tools after closely assessing the tool characteristics required for the task, thus using deliberate decision-making, or a 'customized strategy'. Here, I tested eight New Caledonian crows to determine their default behaviour in basic tool procurement tasks as a check on whether or not they use customized strategies. I used two rigorous experiments closely based on Chappell and Kacelnik's experiments. The crows did not use a customized strategy in either experiment, but their behaviour was clearly consistent with tool procurement predominantly guided by a familiarity heuristic. I discuss potential methodological issues that may have led to different conclusions in Chappell and Kacelnik's studies. Heuristic-guided, routinized behaviour in tool procurement has potential implications for understanding how standardization occurs in the early evolution of complex tool manufacture, both in New Caledonian crows and early humans.
  Type2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with cardiovascular death, including sudden cardiac death due to arrhythmias. Patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) are also at high risk of developing a clinically significant ventricular arrhythmia. It has been reported that sodium-glucose cotransporter2 (SGLT2) inhibitors can reduce cardiovascular deaths; however, the physiological mechanisms of this remain unclear. It is, however, well known that SGLT2 inhibitors increase blood ketone bodies, which have been suggested to have sympatho-suppressive effects. Empagliflozin (EMPA) is an SGLT2 inhibitor. The current clinical trial titled "Placebo-controlled, double-blind study of empagliflozin (EMPA) and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (EMPA-ICD) in patients with type2 diabetes (T2DM)" was designed to investigate the antiarrhythmic effects of EMPA.
 
  The EMPA-ICD study is a prospective, multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, investigator-initiated clinical trial currently in progress. A total of 210 patients with T2DM (hemoglobin A1c 6.5-10.0%) will be randomized (11) to receive once-daily placebo or EMPA, 10mg, for 24weeks. The primary endpoint is the number of clinically significant ventricular arrhythmias for 24weeks before and 24weeks after study drug administration, as documented by the ICD. The secondary endpoints of the study are the change from baseline concentrations in blood ketone and catecholamine 24weeks after drug treatment.
 
  The EMPA-ICD study is the first clinical trial to assess the effect of an SGLT2 inhibitor on clinically significant ventricular arrhythmias in patients with T2DM and an ICD.
 
  Unique trial number, jRCTs031180120 ( https//jrct.niph.go.jp/latest-detail/jRCTs031180120 ).
 Unique trial number, jRCTs031180120 ( https//jrct.niph.go.jp/latest-detail/jRCTs031180120 ).
  This study investigated the ability of a surface prereacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) coating material to inhibit the biofilm formation and demineralization of dentin.
 
  Dentin specimens were randomly divided into three groups (1) no coating (control), (2) S-PRG filler-containing coat, and (3) a nonS-PRG filler-containing coat. Streptococcus mutans biofilms were grown on the dentin surfaces in a microcosm for 20 h. Then, the quantity of bacteria and water-insoluble glucan in the retained biofilm on the dentin surface were measured. Regarding demineralization inhibition test, specimens were demineralized for 5 days then sectioned into halves and observed under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). One-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD were used for statistical analysis.
 
  The estimated mean surface roughness for specimens in the S-PRG group was statistically significantly higher than the estimates for both the nonS-PRG and the control group specimens.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/semaxanib-su5416.html  The quantity of bacteria and water-insoluble glucan/mm
  revealed that the S-PRG group prevented biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion to the dentin surface compared with the control and nonS-PRG groups. The S-PRG group recorded the highest acid-resistance ability with no surface loss.
 
  Application of S-PRG barrier coat on dentin surfaces can inhibit biofilm formation as well as protecting the dentin surface against demineralization.
 
  Coating material containing S-PRG fillers might be used for caries prevention, through inhibiting biofilm formation, enhancing mineralization, and reducing acidic attack by cariogenic bacteria.
 Coating material containing S-PRG fillers might be used for caries prevention, through inhibiting biofilm formation, enhancing mineralization, and reducing acidic attack by cariogenic bacteria.