Caffeine consumption increases during early adulthood, which has adverse effects on the reproductive system. This study aimed to assess the impact of embryonic caffeine exposure on rat ovary in adulthood. Female Wistar rats (240-270 g) were divided into 5 groups (n = 7) experimental groups were exposed to 26, 45, 100, and 150 mg/kg of caffeine via drinking water during pregnancy and the control group only received drinking water. The ovaries of the offspring were taken out on days 7, 14, 28, 60, 90, and 120 of postnatal development, and then, they were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution. Ovarian follicles were studied using stereological methods, and data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test in SPSS software. A value of p  less then  0.05 was considered significant. The body weight, the weight of the ovaries, the ovarian volume, and the number of primordial follicles decreased significantly (p  less then  0.05) in 45 and 100 mg/kg, and (p  less then  0.001) in 150 mg/kg caffeine-treated groups at all stages of postnatal development. Significant decreases were observed in the number of primary and secondary follicles in 45 and 100 mg/kg (p  less then  0.05) and (p  less then  0.001) in 150 mg/kg caffeine-treated groups on days 7, 14, 28, and 60 compared to the control group. The number of Graafian follicles also decreased significantly (p  less then  0.001) in 45, 100, and 150 mg/kg caffeine-treated groups on days 14 and 28.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/hada-hydrochloride.html  Moreover, the mean volume of the oocyte in Graafian follicles reduced considerably in 45, 100, and 150 mg/kg caffeine-treated groups compared to other groups (p  less then  0.05). The thickness of the zona pellucida (ZP) in the secondary follicles (p  less then  0.02) and Graafian follicles (p  less then  0.05) showed a significant reduction in 100 and 150 mg/kg caffeine-treated groups on the 14th, 28th, and 60th days. In conclusion, high-dose caffeine consumption during gestation affects all stages of ovarian follicle development in rat offspring.
  This investigation aimed to assess the effect of smoking on the onset and resolution of dysgeusia/hypogeusia in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients receiving radiotherapy (XRT).
 
  This is a retrospective cohort investigation of HNC patients treated with XRT. Data collected from the patients' medical records included demographics, primary cancer diagnoses, HNC therapeutic modalities, smoking status, and dates of onset/resolution of dysgeusia/hypogeusia.
 
  A 103 met inclusion criteria, of which 61.8% developed dysgeusia/hypogeusia. Mean age was 58.3 ± 12.9 and 66% were either former or current smokers. Never smokers seemed to be at higher, but statistically insignificant, the risk for developing dysgeusia/hypogeusia than former or current smokers [HR 1.05 and 1.66; 95% CI (0.60, 1.84) and (0.85, 3.24)]. They were also less likely to recover when compared to former smokers [HR 0.74; 95% CI (0.39, 1.39)]. Although statistically insignificant, never smokers showed rapid dysgeusia/hypogeusia onset after XRT compared to former or current smokers (median 14days versus 22 and 9days, respectively; p = 0.25). Never smokers showed quicker but statistically insignificant, recovery time compared to former or current smokers (median 113days versus 149 and 238days, respectively; p = 0.57).
 
  Although results lacked statistical significance, never smokers receiving XRT were prone to higher risk and faster onset of dysgeusia/hypogeusia than former and current smokers.
 Although results lacked statistical significance, never smokers receiving XRT were prone to higher risk and faster onset of dysgeusia/hypogeusia than former and current smokers.
  The purpose of this study was to systematically review case reports and case series about meniscal ossicle, to summarize existing evidence. Specifically, to identify the etiology, demographic characteristics, localization, clinical features, diagnostic procedures and treatment options of this rare entity. Although, case reports/ series are of low level of evidence, a systematic review of such studies can provide and help us to gain a better understanding and awareness of meniscal ossicle.
 
  Two authors searched three online databases (MEDLINE, SCOPUS and GOOGLE SCHOLAR) from inception until March 2020 for the literature on meniscal ossicle. Inclusion criteria included case series, case reports and case-based reviews, available in full-text version, in English and that concern humans. Reports published in languages other than English were excluded, as well as articles with no electronic full text availability. Case reports using the term "meniscal ossicle" to describe an acute avulsion fracture of the tibialnee pain with history of antecedent trauma. The presence of a meniscal ossicle should alert the physician to the high likelihood of the patient having an associated meniscal tear, articular cartilage loss, ACL injury or meniscal extrusion. Along with the meniscal ossicle, the associated meniscal tear should be treated as well.
 The most possible etiology of meniscal ossicle is posttraumatic heterotopic ossification and small occult bony avulsion fracture. It is commonly observed in individuals complaining about knee pain with history of antecedent trauma. The presence of a meniscal ossicle should alert the physician to the high likelihood of the patient having an associated meniscal tear, articular cartilage loss, ACL injury or meniscal extrusion. Along with the meniscal ossicle, the associated meniscal tear should be treated as well.
  To evaluate and compare changes in quadriceps and hamstring strength and single-leg-hop (SLH) test performance over the first 24 postoperative months in patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) with bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) or hamstring tendon (HT) autografts and followed either a standard or an accelerated rehabilitation protocol.
 
  A total of 160 patients undergoing ACLR were randomised in four groups depending on the graft that was used and the rehabilitation protocol (40 BPTB/standard rehab, 40 BPTB/accelerated rehab, 40 HT/standard rehab, 40 HT/accelerated rehab). Isokinetic concentric quadriceps and hamstring strength at 90°/s and the SLH test performance were assessed preoperatively and 4,6,8,12 and 24months postoperatively. The results were reported as the limb symmetry index (LSI) at the same time point. Linear mixed models were used to compare the groups at the different time points.
 
  An average quadriceps strength LSI of 78.4% was found preoperatively. After ACLR, the LSI first decreased at 4months and then increased from 6 to 24months, reaching an overall value of 92.