BACKGROUND Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common histological type of thyroid cancer. Most PTC patients have favorable outcomes, but 10% of patients still have distant metastases at presentation or during follow-up. Dynamin 2 (DNM2) is the only DNM ubiquitously expressed in human tissues, but its expression and clinical significance in PTC is still unknown.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/peficitinb-asp015k-jnj-54781532.html  MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we investigated the expression of DNM2 in 112 cases of PTC and classified the patients into low and high expression of DNM2. The clinical significance of DNM2 was evaluated by assessing its correlation with the clinicopathological parameters with the chi-square method. The correlations between DNM2 expression and the disease-free survival rate or overall survival rate were assessed with the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. The independent prognostic factors of PTC were determined by the Cox-regression hazard model. RESULTS Patients with low and high DNM2 expression accounted for 75% and 25% respectively in the 112 patients with PTC. High DNM2 expression was significantly associated with recurrence (P=0.014) and poor prognosis (P=0.004). In addition to tumor stage, DNM2 expression was an independent prognostic biomarker of PTC, indicating an unfavorable prognosis. CONCLUSIONS DNM2 was an independent PTC biomarker indicating more likely recurrence and poorer prognosis. Detecting DNM2 expression may help to select the high-risk patients for adjuvant therapy.Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social communication deficits, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors, according to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. In addition to the possible subtypes of autism, several medical and behavioral conditions are known to co-exist with it. It is estimated that approximately 75% of individuals with ASD present with associated medical conditions, genetic syndromes, or mental health disorders. One of the major limitations when identifying, diagnosing, treating and understanding ASD is the fact that ASD is exclusively defined based on the observation of behaviors. The fact remains that there is no proven biological measurement (e.g., blood test or radiological scan) which can identify pathophysiological processes that can aid in the diagnosis or treatment this group of patients.The work discusses the occurrence of benzo (a) pyrene in atmospheric air and indoor air, as well as health threats caused by this environmental pollution. The results of research conducted worldwide and in Poland were referred to. Poland belongs to the European Union country, where high levels of benzo(a)pyrene are recorded in both atmospheric air and indoor air (residential houses) exceeding 1ng/m3. Considering the fact that this pollution is highly carcinogenic one should strive to reduce the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene in the air in Poland, recognizing and eliminating its sources. Installation of dedusting equipment in residential areas is possible but expensive. This creates an inequality in the access to fresh air in the rooms. The World Health Organization strongly promotes measures to reduce emissions of benzo(a)pyrene. On the other hand, extensive information campaigns should be carried out to make the public aware of the exposure, its sources and options of prevention.The gut microbiota was defined as one of the endocrine organs. It consists of many various microorganisms with huge metabolic potential. An imbalance of the gut microbiota was assessed as one of risk factors for various metabolic, infectious, and inflammatory disorders, but also stress-related disorders. Link between the gut microbiological environment and the development of such pathologies as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, depression, anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or PCO syndrome has been proven. Diet with probiotics intake could be effective in the prevention and treatment of many diseases and associated metabolic disorders. Increasing the amount of "beneficial" gut microbiota may favorably affect the functioning of the whole organism. Treatment options for specific diseases must be compliant with the guidelines of recommendations for these disorders. However, probiotic supplementation can positively strengthen the results of this treatment. It is recognized that probiotics, by increasing beneficial intestinal microflora, inhibit development of pathogens and change metabolic and enzymatic activity. It reduces inflammation and positively regulates immunologic activity of intestines. On the base of conducted studies beneficial effects of probiotic supplementation in patients with metabolic, endocrine and mental disorders were noted. Prebiotics and probiotics influence on modification of gastrointestinal microflora. Changes of gut microbiota, by diet with probiotics intake, cause the maintenance of gut epithelial barrier integrity and may be useful in prevention and treatment of many diseases and concomitant metabolic disorders. It may have potential implications for protection against adverse, long-term health consequences of these disorders.Disaccharidases are a group of enzymes of the small intestinal brush border, that are essential for degradation of disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose, isomaltose, trehalose) into monosaccharides, which are then absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Their deficiency may occur at any stage of human life and have a genetic basis or be a secondary to ongoing gastrointestinal disease. Disaccharidase deficiencies cause disorders of digestion and absorption leading to occurrence of clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, flatulence, diarrhea. For more than fifty years disaccharidase activity (DA) measurements in the small intestine biopsy samples are still considered the "gold standard" in the diagnostics for disaccharide deficiency. The aim of this review was to emphasize the role of disaccharidases in the digestion. Moreover, the significance of their deficiency in children and adults based on the current knowledge was described. It was showed that deficiency or inactivity of disaccharidases may lead to gastrointestinal intolerance symptoms.