Mammals have two types of thermogenic adipocytes brown adipocytes and beige adipocytes. Thermogenic adipocytes express high levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) to dissipates energy in the form of heat by uncoupling the mitochondrial proton gradient from mitochondrial respiration. There is much evidence that UCP1 is the center of BAT thermogenesis and systemic energy homeostasis. Recently, UCP1 independent thermogenic pathway identified in thermogenic adipocytes. Importantly, the thermogenic pathways are different in brown and beige adipocytes. Ca2+-ATPase 2b calcium cycling mechanism is selective to beige adipocytes. It remains unknown how the multiple thermogenic mechanisms are coordinately regulated. The discovery of UCP1-independent thermogenic mechanisms potential offer new opportunities for improving obesity and type 2 diabetes particularly in groups such as elderly and obese populations who do not possess UCP1 positive adipocytes.Objective To examine the acute and chronic effects of structured exercise on glucose outcomes assessed by continuous glucose monitors in adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods PubMed, Medline, EMBASE were searched up to January 2020 to identify studies prescribing structured exercise interventions with continuous glucose monitoring outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes. Randomized controlled trials, crossover trials, and studies with pre- and post-designs were eligible. Short-term studies were defined as having exercise interventions lasting ≤2 weeks. Longer-term studies were defined as >2 weeks. Results A total of 28 studies were included. Of these, 23 studies were short-term exercise interventions. For all short-term studies, the same participants completed a control condition as well as at least one exercise condition. Compared to the control condition, exercise decreased the primary outcome of mean 24-h glucose concentrations in short-term studies (-0.5 mmol/L, [-0.7, -0.3]; p less then 0.001). In longer-term studies, mean 24-h glucose was not significantly reduced compared to control (-0.9 mmol/L [-2.2, 0.3], p = 0.14) but was reduced compared to pre-exercise values (-0.5 mmol/L, [-0.7 to -0.2] p less then 0.001). The amount of time spent in hyperglycemia and indices of glycemic variability, but not fasting glucose, also improved following short-term exercise. Among the shorter-term studies, subgroup, and regression analyses suggested that the timing of exercise and sex of participants explained some of the heterogeneity among trials. Conclusion Both acute and chronic exercise can improve 24-h glucose profiles in adults with type 2 diabetes. The timing of exercise and sex of participants are among the factors that may explain part of the heterogeneity in acute glycemic improvements following exercise.Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality in the world. However, no effective pharmacological treatment for this condition has been found. Purpose This study evaluated the effect of a nutraceutical containing bioactive components from Bergamot citrus and wild cardoon as a treatment for individuals with fatty liver disease. The primary outcome measure was the change in liver fat content. Methods A total of 102 patients with liver steatosis were enrolled in a double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial. The intervention group received a nutraceutical containing a Bergamot polyphenol fraction and Cynara Cardunculus extract, 300 mg/day for 12 weeks. The control group received a placebo daily. Liver fat content, by transient elastography, serum transaminases, lipids and glucose were measured at the baseline and the end of the study. Results We found a greater liver fat content reduction in the participants taking the nutraceutical rather than placebo (-48.2 ± 39 vs. -26.9 ± 43 dB/m, p = 0.02); The percentage CAP score reduction was statistically significant in those with android obesity, overweight/obesity as well as in women.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ins018-055-ism001-055.html  However, after adjustment for weight change, the percentage CAP score reduction was statistically significant only in those over 50 years (44 vs. 78% in placebo and nutraceutical, respectively, p = 0.007). Conclusions This specific nutraceutical containing bioactive components from Bergamot and wild cardoon reduced the liver fat content during 12 weeks in individuals with liver steatosis over 50 years. If confirmed, this nutraceutical could become the cornerstone treatment of patients affected by liver steatosis. Clinical Trial Registration www.isrctn.com, identifier ISRCTN12833814.Objective Facial changes are common among nearly all acromegalic patients. As they develop slowly, patients often fail to notice such changes before they become obvious. Consequently, diagnosis and treatment are often delayed. So far, convenient and accurate early detection of this disease is still unavailable. This study is designed to combine the use of 3D imaging and machine learning techniques in facial feature analysis and identification of acromegalic patients, in an effort to ascertain how both techniques performed in terms of applicability and value in the early detection of the disease. Methods One hundred and twenty-four participants including 62 patients with acromegaly and 62 matched controls were enrolled. Using three-dimensional imaging techniques, 58 facial parameters were measured on each face. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a post-hoc t-tests were conducted to examine the variations of these parameters with disease status and gender. Using linear discriminant analysis (LDA), we fuwhich makes it a promising technique to investigate facial features of acromegalic patients. In combination with machine learning technique, patients can be accurately identified and predicted by their facial variables. This approach might be beneficial for the early detection of acromegalic patients and timely consultation to improve their outcomes.Sphingolipids represent one of the major classes of eukaryotic lipids. They play an essential structural role, especially in cell membranes where they also possess signaling properties and are capable of modulating multiple cell functions, such as apoptosis, cell proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. Many sphingolipid derivatives, such as ceramide, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and ganglioside, have been shown to play many crucial roles in muscle under physiological and pathological conditions. This review will summarize our knowledge of sphingolipids and their effects on muscle fate, highlighting the role of this class of lipids in modulating muscle cell differentiation, regeneration, aging, response to insulin, and contraction. We show that modulating sphingolipid metabolism may be a novel and interesting way for preventing and/or treating several muscle-related diseases.