5%, 14.9% and 16.2% respectively. Hypertension was present in 25.8% and coronary artery disease was present in 15.5% of patients. Overall 27.3%, 41.7%, 44.1%, 45.3% and 67.7% of patients achieved their HbA1c, triglyceride, HDL, LDL and hypertension targets respectively, as per American Diabetes Association 2020 guidelines.
 
  Despite availability of multiple drugs and guidelines, the attainment rates of glycemic and non-glycemic targets remain suboptimal. A more aggressive approach in the treatment of type 2 diabetes is required.
 Despite availability of multiple drugs and guidelines, the attainment rates of glycemic and non-glycemic targets remain suboptimal. A more aggressive approach in the treatment of type 2 diabetes is required.Diabetes and hyperglycemia occurring during COVID-19 era have implications for COVID-19 related morbidity/mortality. In this brief review, we have attempted to categorise and classify such heterogenous hyperglycemic states. During COVID-19 pandemic broadly two types of hyperglycemia were seen one in patients without COVID-19 infection and second in patients with COVID-19 infection. Patients not inflicted with COVID-19 infection and diagnosed with either type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) show more severe hyperglycemia and more ketoacidosis, respectively. In former, it could be attributed to weight gain, decreased exercise, stress and in both type of diabetes, due to delayed diagnosis during lockdown and pandemic. In patients with COVID-19 and associated pneumonia, altered glucose metabolism leading to hyperglycemia could be due to corticosteroids, cytokine storm, damage to pancreatic beta cells, or combination of these factors. Some of these patients present with diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state or both. We have provided a framework for categorisation of hyperglycemic states, which could be consolidated/revised in future based on new research data.Metastatic progression is the leading cause of mortality in breast cancer. However, molecular mechanisms that govern this process remain unclear. In this study, we found that carbonic anhydrase 13 (CA13) plays a potential role in suppressing bone metastasis. iRFP713-labeled iCSCL-10A (iRFP-iCSCL-10A) breast cancer cells, which exhibit the hallmarks of cancer stem cells, exerted the ability of bone metastasis in hind legs after 5-week injections, whereas no metastasis was observed in control iRFP713-labeled MCF-10A (iRFP-MCF10A) cells. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the expression of several genes, including metabolism-related CA13, was reduced in bone metastatic iRFP-iCSCL-10A cells. In vitro and in vivo analyses demonstrated that overexpression of CA13 in iRFP-iCSCL-10A cells suppressed migration, invasion, and bone metastasis, together with the reduction of VEGF-A and M-CSF expression. Furthermore, we found that breast cancer patients with a low CA13 expression had significantly shorter overall survival and disease-free survival rates compared to those with higher CA13 expression. These findings suggest that CA13 may act as a novel prognostic biomarker and would be a therapeutic candidate for the prevention of bone metastasis in breast cancer.
  Cognitive impairment has a critical impact on functional outcomes in patients with schizophrenia. Compensatory cognitive training (CCT) has shown promise as a cognitive rehabilitation tool but little is known about its effectiveness when combined with medication self-management skills training (MSST) in patients with schizophrenia. Thus, this study compared the effects of a combined CCT and MSST with CCT and treatment as usual (TAU) on cognitive function, symptoms, and medication adherence.
 
  Eighty-seven inpatients with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to the TAU, CCT, or CCT+MSST groups. Assessments of cognitive function using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, symptoms using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and medication adherence using the Medication Adherence Questionnaire, were administered to all participants at baseline and at post-intervention.
 
  Compared with the TAU group, the CCT group had significant improvements in verbal fluency, total cognitive function and medication adherence, and the CCT+MSST group had significant improvements in verbal fluency, total cognitive function, positive symptoms, and medication adherence. Compared with the CCT group, the CCT+MSST group had significant improvements in total cognitive function.
 
  These results indicate that the integrated intervention may be more advantageous than CCT alone in improving total cognitive function and positive symptoms. Future research should seek to further explore the long-term effects of such a joint intervention.
 These results indicate that the integrated intervention may be more advantageous than CCT alone in improving total cognitive function and positive symptoms. Future research should seek to further explore the long-term effects of such a joint intervention.
  The BDS checklist is a self-report measure to assess the most common somatic symptoms in functional somatic syndromes, based on the diagnostic concept of Bodily Distress Syndrome. The aim of the study was to examine the psychometric properties and validity of the BDS checklist in a psychosomatic sample and to investigate whether it is suitable to detect DSM-5 somatic symptom disorders (SSD).
 
  In a cross-sectional study, n=368 patients from a psychosomatic outpatient clinic completed the BDS checklist and a semi-structured clinical interview on SSD. Item and scale characteristics and measures of reliability and validity were determined.
 
  The BDS checklist showed good item characteristics and reliability (Cronbach α=0.89).  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/fht-1015.html  Factor analysis confirmed four symptom clusters (CFI=0.95, TLI=0.95, RMSEA=0.091, 90% CI=0.085-0.097). The BDS total score showed significant correlations with other measures of somatic symptom burden (r=0.79, p<.001), health anxiety (r=0.46, p<.001), depression (r=0.45, p<.001), and general anxiety (r=0.41, p<.001). Higher BDS checklist scores were associated with higher physical and mental health impairment and higher health care use. Diagnostic accuracy regarding somatic symptom disorder was moderate (AUC=0.72, 95% CI 0.67-0.77).
 
  Findings of our study indicate that the BDS checklist is a reliable and valid measure to assess the most common somatic symptoms in a psychosomatic setting. It is however not sufficient to detect persons at risk for somatic symptom disorder. A combination with further questionnaires could probably improve diagnostic accuracy.
 Findings of our study indicate that the BDS checklist is a reliable and valid measure to assess the most common somatic symptoms in a psychosomatic setting. It is however not sufficient to detect persons at risk for somatic symptom disorder. A combination with further questionnaires could probably improve diagnostic accuracy.