9 yuan (P  less then  0.001) or 5.7% and 14.9 yuan (P = 0.03) or 5.2%, respectively, and thus had no changes in total outpatient spending. Patients with both hypertension and diabetes, meanwhile, increased their spending using chronic disease coverage by 54.8 yuan (P  less then  0.001) or 18.1% and decreased their spending using standard outpatient coverage by 16.1 yuan (P = 0.002) or 6.1%, with no changes in their probability of hospitalization. Among patients with both hypertension and diabetes who had fewer-than-average outpatient visits in 2015, the hospitalization rate decreased after the 2016 reimbursement cap increase (adjusted odds ratio = 0.702, P = 0.01). These findings suggest that increasing financial protection for patients with hypertension and diabetes may be an important strategy for reducing adverse health events, such as hospitalization, in China.The technique of high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) was applied to the preparative isolation and purification of liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid from a crude extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch for the first time. Using single factor and orthogonal design experiments, the best extraction conditions were 70% ethanol, 125 ratio of solid-to-liquid (w/v) and extracted 1.5 h at 80°C. The contents of liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid in the crude extract were 1.3 and 5.3%, respectively. Using the two-phase solvent system of ethyl acetate-methanol-water (525, v/v), 6.0 mg liquiritin (the purity was 96.7%, and the recovery was 89.3%), and 20.5 mg glycyrrhizic acid (the purity was 98.9%, and the recovery was 77.1%) were obtained from 500 mg crude extraction by HSCCC, respectively. The retention rate of stationary phase was 51.0%. Their structures were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography, melting points, ultraviolet radiation, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and 13C NMR spectra. The scavenging abilities of glycyrrhizic acid to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl free radicals were stronger than those of liquiritin.
  Most studies on chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) in people who use drugs (PWUD) are restricted to people attending substance use disorder treatment programs. This study assessed the prevalence of CNCP in a community-based sample of PWUD, identified factors associated with pain, and documented strategies used for pain relief.
 
  This was a cross-sectional study nested in an ongoing cohort of PWUD in Montreal, Canada. Questionnaires were administered to PWUD seen between February 2017 and January 2018. CNCP was defined as pain lasting three or more months and not associated with cancer.
 
  A total of 417 PWUD were included (mean age = 44.6 ± 10.6 years, 84% men). The prevalence of CNCP was 44.8%, and the median pain duration (interquartile range) was 12 (5-18) years. The presence of CNCP was associated with older age (>45 years old; odds ratio [OR] = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.2-2.7), male sex (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.2-4.2), poor health condition (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.3-3.0), moderate to severe psychological distress (OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.8-4.7), and less frequent cocaine use (OR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.3-0.9). Among CNCP participants, 20.3% used pain medication from other people, whereas 22.5% used alcohol, cannabis, or illicit drugs to relieve pain. Among those who asked for pain medication (N = 24), 29.2% faced a refusal from the doctor.
 
  CNCP was common among PWUD, and a good proportion of them used substances other than prescribed pain medication to relieve pain. Close collaboration of pain and addiction specialists as well as better pain assessment and access to nonpharmacological treatments could improve pain management in PWUD.
 CNCP was common among PWUD, and a good proportion of them used substances other than prescribed pain medication to relieve pain. Close collaboration of pain and addiction specialists as well as better pain assessment and access to nonpharmacological treatments could improve pain management in PWUD.The giant cicada Quesada gigas (Olivier, 1790) (Hemiptera Cicadidae) is a major pest of coffee plants in Brazil. To ensure the rational management and ecological equilibrium, information about the behavior, dispersion, and reproduction of giant cicada is fundamental. The present work was conducted in an area of 97 ha planted with Coffea arabica L. to investigate adult dispersion as well as mating and oviposition behaviors of Q. gigas. A sound trap was placed at a 'release point' used for the attraction, marking, and release of adults in the area.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cpi-0610.html  The recapture of insects was performed with the same sound trap positioned at 20 points distributed at 100, 250, 400, and 1,000 m from the release point. The highest recapture rates of Q. gigas were observed at 100 m from the release point, and the lowest recapture rates were observed at 1,000 m. The presence of Eucalyptus plants in the area apparently influenced dispersion, as high recapture rates were observed at the sites close to Eucalyptus plants. One copulation of Q. gigas lasted 41.6 ± 0.43 min, and the period of a single oviposition bout was 30.0 ± 0.20 min. Quesada gigas adult longevity in the field was estimated to be 49 d. Both males and females were observed performing multiple matings.The role of different bait types and trap installation heights for an accurate trapping of flower chafer beetles (Coleoptera Cetoniidae) is still poorly understand worldwide, especially in the Neotropical region. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated how the type of bait and trap installation height can influence flower chafer beetle sampling in the Amazon rainforest. For this, we sampled flower chafer beetles monthly from June to December 2019 in five Amazon forest fragments, in Juína, Mato Grosso, Brazil. In each collecting fragment, we installed aerial traps at different heights (i.e., 1.5, 4.5, 7.5, and 10.5 m above ground) and randomly baited with 300 ml of each of the following bait types banana + sugarcane juice mixture; pineapple + sugarcane juice mixture; beer; or red wine. We collected 412 individuals belonging to 12 species of Cetoniidae beetles. Traps baited with pineapple + sugarcane juice mixture captured greater abundance and species richness of flower chafer beetles. Moreover, traps at 4.5, 7.