INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE The objective of the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) is to assess whether prostate cancer (PCa) screening leads to an improvement of cancer-specific survival. This multicenter study (eight European countries) has recruited more than 180,000 asymptomatic men. After a follow-up period of 16 years, it has been shown that PSA screening reduces PCa mortality by 20%, and that it does not affect all-cause mortality. This article provides updated the results of the Spanish arm of the ERSPC after 21 years of follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study invited 18,612 men (aged 45 - 70) of the Spanish section (Getafe and Parla, Madrid) to participate. They were randomly assigned to the intervention arm (serum PSA-based screening) and to the control arm (follow-up without intervention). The diagnoses of PCa were recorded, as well as the PCa-specific and all-cause mortality rates. A comparison between the survival curves of both arms of the study and detailed anof the results of the Spanish section of the ERSPC study after 21 years of follow-up, we have not detected a benefit of PCa screening in terms of overall and cancer-specific survival. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The Bosniak classification of cystic renal lesions was first published in 1986 based on computed tomography (CT). In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on Bosniak category compared with CT, and to determine how this effect changed the treatment modality in the evaluation of complex renal cysts. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data of 144 patients were collected retrospectively. After exclusion criteria, 102 cystic renal lesions with a Bosniak category of at least IIF on CT or MRI between 2013 and 2016 were evaluated by 2abdominal radiologists. The demographic data, Bosniak category, interobserver agreement, and pathologic data of patients who underwent surgery were recorded. RESULTS The coherence between MRI and CT was 75.5%. The Bosniak classification of 17 patients was upgraded with MRI, and the treatment modality changed in 10 patients, and they underwent surgery. The Bosniak category was downgraded from III to IIF in 6 patients out ofther it was the cause of overtreatment of Bosniak III lesions. Given the nature of the multiple causes of male infertility, some of them are «reversible» and can be managed with a surgical procedure to recover, in some cases, the fertilizing capacity of the male reproductive tract. With appropriate use of diagnostic tools and clinical judgement, the physician can identify the ideal candidates for these procedures. Together with the expertise and experience of the surgeon, these treatments can manage to resolve the barrier, and men may become fertile again. In this chapter, we will review some of the most commonly used surgical procedures for the treatment of male infertility and make a brief description of their technical details. BACKGROUND In hypospadias, the aim of surgical treatment is to achieve both desirable functional and cosmetic outcomes; however, complications following surgery are common and 18% of boys require re-operation. In mild degrees of hypospadias, repair may be offered entirely to improve cosmesis, meaning parents should be fully informed of this and the potential for complications, during the consent process. Parents' decision-making may be aided by making them aware of how others in a similar position have felt about the decision that they made for their child. One method of measuring parental satisfaction is decisional regret (DR). OBJECTIVES To assess parental satisfaction following hypospadias surgery in the United Kingdom by assessing DR and to determine the feasibility of obtaining meaningful data via a mobile phone survey. STUDY DESIGN The National Outcomes Audit in Hypospadias database was commissioned by the British Association of Paediatric Surgeons to capture clinical information from hypospadias repairest levels of DR, which is similar to a Canadian study. Lorenzo et al. however found that DR was associated with circumcision, which was undertaken in all boys; however, in this UK study, around a third of boys were circumcised and regret levels between those circumcised and those not circumcised were similar. The limitations of this work include the following surgeons submitting their own data on complications and there is potential of selection bias between respondents and non-respondents as with any survey. CONCLUSIONS Data from this study can be used to improve pre-operative counselling during the consent process. Smart mobile phone technology can be used successfully to distribute and collect parent-reported outcomes. INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND Despite adequate management, 20% of children with overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome fail to improve their bladder function. To approach the need for alternative strategies, an inpatient bladder rehabilitation 'voiding school' program was established.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/vcmmae.html  OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term (1-year follow-up) outcome of this voiding school program in children with refractory OAB. In addition, the authors aimed to identify which children achieved the best outcomes with this voiding school program. STUDY DESIGN The charts of all children (n = 357, mean age 9.7 ± 2.0 years, 63.6% boys) with refractory OAB who attended voiding school between 2000 and 2010 were reviewed. A linear mixed model with random intercept was used to evaluate the incontinence (expressed by enuresis and daytime incontinence voiding scores) and maximal voiding volume (MVV). RESULTS & DISCUSSION This study demonstrated an overall beneficial long-term effect of the inpatient progr faecal incontinence. Four Auricularia polysaccharides (A.cornea (ACP), A.auricula (AAP), A.polytricha (APP) and M.fungus (MFP)) were researched to evaluate the effect of Auricularia species on digestion, anti-inflammatory and function of polysaccharides. The results showed that the molecular weights of ACP and MFP were significantly reduced in gastric juice from 30 min to 150 min (p  less then  0.05), the polysaccharides were degraded into small molecules and their structures were changed after digestion. The inhibition rate of α-amylase and α-glucosidase of APP were 71.21% and 82.01%, respectively, APP had a better hypolipidemic activity and the inhibitory activity was 89.5%. AAP, APP, and MFP could significantly promoted cell proliferation at 400 μg/mL. Four polysaccharides could inhibit inflammatory factors, so all polysaccharides have the good anti-inflammatory activity. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of APP against E. coli and S. typhi were 1.25% and 1.0%, respectively. There were significant differences in the digestion, anti-inflammatory and function of Auricularia polysaccharides among different species (p  less then  0.