White light cystoscopy and the concise documentation of pathological findings are standard diagnostic procedures in urology. Additional imaging modalities and technical innovations may support clinicians in the detection of bladder tumors. Modern endoscopy systems provide ultra-high-resolution imaging and the option of digital contrast enhancement. Photodynamic diagnostics and narrow band imaging are well-established in clinical routine and have shown significant benefits in the detection of bladder cancer. By means of multispectral imaging, different modalities can now be combined in real-time. Probe-based procedures such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) or Raman spectroscopy can further contribute to advanced imaging through an "optical biopsy" which may primarily improve diagnostics in the upper urinary tract. The aim of all techniques is to optimize the detection rate in order to achieve a more accurate diagnosis, resection and lower recurrence rates. Current research projects aim to digitalize the documentation of endoscopy and also make it more patient- and user-friendly. In the future, the use of image processing and artificial intelligence may automatically support the surgeon during endoscopy.In many studies of water and hydrological sources, estimation of the spatial distribution of precipitation based on point data recorded in rain gauge stations is of particular importance. The purpose of this paper is to optimize the network of rain gauge stations in the Sistan and Baluchestan Province with respect to the variance of Kriging and topography estimation in the region and to maintain or reduce the number of stations in the region (without incurring additional costs). A new neural network algorithm has been presented in the present study to determine the optimum rain gauge stations.  https://www.selleckchem.com/btk.html  In this study, a new method of meta-heuristic optimization algorithm based on biological neural systems and artificial neural networks (ANNs) has been proposed. The proposed method is called a neural network algorithm (NNA) and has been developed based on unique structure (ANNs). In order to evaluate the proposed method, the election and whale algorithms have been used. The election algorithm is a repetitive algorithm that works with a set of known solutions as a population, and the whale optimization algorithm is derived from the new nature based on the special bubble hunting strategy used by the vultures. The results showed that 22 stations of the existing network had no significant effect on rainfall estimation in the province and their removal to the optimal network is suggested. Therefore, the remaining 27 stations can be effective in optimizing the rain gauge network. The results of comparing the abovementioned algorithms showed that the neural network algorithm with a mean error of 0.06 mm has a higher ability to optimize the rain gauges than blue whale and election algorithms.
  We introduced avideo consultation (VC) during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in an ophthalmology practice with eight doctors to ensure continuous ophthalmological care, infection prophylaxis and to compensate adecreased number of patient presentations.
 
  Evaluation of the most common reasons for patient presentations in the VC, the proportion of re-presentations in the practice despite VC, practical challenges associated with the introduction of VC and patient satisfaction.
 
  Patients with arecent acute visual deterioration and severe eye pain were excluded from the VC. The VC were carried out by atrained specialist in ophthalmology. Aquestionnaire with eight questions was completed after the VC appointment in order to evaluate the proportion of completed VC and patient satisfaction.
 
  We included 29 (13male, Ø52.6 years, 16female, Ø64.7 years) patients in this analysis. The VC could be performed with 68.97% of the participants who rated their overall experience with an average grade of1.6 (1very good to 6insufficient) and all of them indicated that they would recommend the VC. Of presentations in VC 70% were related to the symptoms of the anterior eye segment. In 70% of the cases no re-presentations took place in the unit.
 
  Our study represents asignificant practical application of VC for the management of non-urgent ocular conditions with maximum infection prophylaxis. The introduction of VC was severely limited by technological or user-related issues by the establishment of video connections. Patient satisfaction with VC was high to very high.
 Our study represents a significant practical application of VC for the management of non-urgent ocular conditions with maximum infection prophylaxis. The introduction of VC was severely limited by technological or user-related issues by the establishment of video connections. Patient satisfaction with VC was high to very high.
  The aim of the study was to compare the measurement of corneal radii using Scheimpflug tomography (Pentacam®, Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) and optical coherence tomography (OCT, Optovue® XR-Avanti, Fremont, CA, USA) in eyes of patients with Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy (FED) before and after Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK).
 
  In aretrospective analysis 35eyes with (FED) that underwent DMEK were included. Pentacam® and Optovue® corneal measurements were performed preoperatively and at least 3 months postoperatively. The four primary objectives were the radii of the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces, the corneal thickness and the posterior to anterior corneal curvature radii ratio. The change in the primary targets after DMEK was analyzed and the measurement results of both methods were compared. ABland-Altman plot was created to graphically illustrate the correlation between the two measuring methods.
 
  Asignificant decrease in corneal thickness was observed after DMEK with both methods. The radii of the anterior corneal surface, measured with Scheimpflug as well as with OCT showed no significant changes after surgery, while the radii of the posterior corneal surface significantly decreased (Pentacam® preoperative = 7.24 mm ± 0.99 mm; postoperative = 6.38 mm ± 0.40 mm, P < 0.001; Optovue® preoperative = 7.63 mm ± 1.43 mm; postoperative = 6.57 mm ± 0.43 mm, P < 0.001). The Bland-Altman plots of all primary objectives showed a better agreement postoperatively compared to the preoperative measurements.
 
  Both Scheimpflug and OCT showed asignificant decrease in the radius of the posterior corneal surface after DMEK. The postoperative measurements showed ahigher agreement between the devices than those performed preoperatively.
 Both Scheimpflug and OCT showed a significant decrease in the radius of the posterior corneal surface after DMEK. The postoperative measurements showed a higher agreement between the devices than those performed preoperatively.