https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pacritinib-sb1518.html In this paper, we present theoretical foundations of first-order design of an imaging refractometer. This refractometer may be used to measure the refractive index of liquids over a wide range. Refractive index reconstruction techniques are presented, and analytical reconstruction expressions are derived. The validity of the derived formulas is tested and is in good agreement with Gaussian reduction results. Design examples are provided and discussed. Limitations of the proposed measuring techniques are discussed, and theoretical models as well as numerical examples for the accuracy are presented.Art conservators have adopted optical technologies to improve conservation efforts; laser triangulation, stereophotogrammetry, structured light, laser scanners, and time of flight sensors have been deployed to capture the 3D information of sculptures and architectures. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has introduced new imaging methods to study the surface features and subsurface structures of delicate cultural heritage objects. However, the field of view of OCT severely limits the scanning area. We present a hybrid scanning platform combined with an effective algorithm for real-time sampling and artifact removal to achieve macroscopic OCT (macro-OCT) imaging and spectral 3D reconstruction of impressionist style oil paintings.A pair of axicons with an adjustable separation between them is used to generate a variable diameter ring beam with high efficiency. This beam illuminates a lens to produce quasi-diffraction-free beams with a tunable spot size and depth of field. We studied the generated beam characteristics while changing either the ring diameter or its thickness. Such a scheme has applications in adjustable imaging, including nondiffracting beam microscopy, material processing with an irradiance above a certain threshold value, and particle trapping/manipulation.We present a modified model for residual int