https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nadph-tetrasodium-salt.html These results suggest messages targeting both cognitions and affective responses are needed to increase the handwashing behavior during a global pandemic and these variables are critical in increasing readiness to change in low-income individuals. Previous studies on metacognitive ability were explored using self-report questionnaires that are difficult to adequately measure and evaluate when the capacity for self-reference is undeveloped. This study aimed to validate the Congruency-based Metacognition Scale (CMS) to measure metacognition and the feeling of confidence abilities and to investigate the development of metacognition during adolescence. The CMS was administered to 633 child-parent pairs in Japan (child, mean age = 16.0 years, 46.0% female; parent, mean age = 48.3 years, 94.9% mother). The CMS metacognition score was assessed based on congruency scores between the self-report of the child from a third-person perspective (3PP) and the parent's report from the first-person perspective (1PP). The CMS self-judgment accuracy score was assessed by the congruency scores between the children's self-report from the 1PP and 3PP. For both measures, the more distant the 3PP on the self-report was from the 1PP on the parent's report and child self-re coefficient 0.63-0.59). Adolescents were found to have significantly lower metacognitive ability compared to young adults. CMS could be a valid and reliable measure to examine metacognitive abilities for adolescents. CMS could be a valid and reliable measure to examine metacognitive abilities for adolescents.Prior research suggests that most people perceive themselves to be more altruistic than the average population, an observation known as the better-than-average (BTA) effect. Understanding the BTA effect carries significant public health implications, as self-perceived altruism is closely related to altruistic behaviors, which plays a significant role in