PURPOSE To assess educational and professional outcomes of an accelerated combined bachelor of science-doctor of medicine (BS-MD) program using data collected from 1968 through 2018. METHOD Participants of this longitudinal study included 2,235 students who entered medical school between 1968 and 2014 1,134 in the accelerated program and 1,101 in the regular curriculum (control group)-matched by year of entrance to medical school, gender, and Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) scores. Outcome measures included performance on medical licensing examinations, academic progress, satisfaction with medical school, educational debt, first-year residency program directors' ratings on clinical competence, specialty choice, board certification, and faculty appointments. RESULTS The authors found no practically important differences between students in the accelerated program and those in the control group on licensing examination performance, academic progress, specialty choice, board certification, and faculty appos.The Medical Student Performance Evaluation (MSPE), which summarizes a medical student's academic and professional undergraduate medical education performance and provides salient information during the residency selection process, faces persistent criticisms regarding heterogeneity and obscurity. Specifically, MSPEs do not always provide the same type or amount of information about students, especially from diverse schools, and important information is not always easy to find or interpret.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/aminooxyacetic-acid-hemihydrochloride.html  To address these concerns, a key guiding principle from the Recommendations for Revising the MSPE Task Force of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) was to achieve "a level of standardization and transparency that facilitates the residency selection process." Benefits of standardizing the MSPE format include clarification of performance benchmarks or metrics, consistency across schools to enhance readability, and improved quality. In medical education, standardization may be an important mechanism to ensure am offer promise to reconcile these tensions and promote successful educational outcomes.BACKGROUND As the second largest expense category after labor, supply expense has received more strategic attention in recent years. Collaborative buyer-supplier relationships play a significant role in strategic supply chain management. In the health sector, however, buyer-supplier relationships are generally perceived as adversarial and distrusting. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the major buyer-supplier relationship barriers, with an emphasis on the role of the physician as a surrogate buyer in the hospital's procurement process. METHODOLOGY Semistructured interviews were conducted with informants from six health systems and five medical device manufacturers in the United States. Additional data were gathered through a focus group consisting of 10 senior-level physicians. A structured qualitative analysis identified important themes in buyer-supplier relationship factors. RESULTS From the data, four major themes emerged regarding the barriers to collaborative buyer-supplier relationships lack of information sharing, opportunistic pricing behavior, changing regulations, and physician-supplier alliances. Further investigation regarding the role of the physician in purchasing reveals triadic implications. CONCLUSIONS The medical device market continues to exhibit strained buyer-supplier relationships. The physician's professional role in supply selection can undermine the hospital's strategic supply management efforts. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Both buyers and suppliers need to exhibit more information transparency in order to develop collaborative relationships with at least a small number of strategic partners. Supply chain executives at hospitals need to play a more active role in facilitating the link between the hospital's physicians and suppliers. Alternatively, hospitals can provide physicians with substitute services to curb supplier influences on physician preferences.BACKGROUND Therapeutic drug monitoring measures antiretroviral adherence more accurately than self-report but has not been available at the point-of-care (POC) until now. We compare a novel POC test for urine tenofovir to laboratory-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing in diverse patient populations urine pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). SETTING Urine samples were analyzed using ELISA and the POC lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) test from two cohorts of PrEP users taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine the Partners PrEP Study, which recruited Kenyan and Ugandan heterosexual men and women, and the IBrEATHe Study, which recruited U.S. transgender women and men using gender-affirming hormone therapy. METHODS We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the POC test compared to ELISA at a cut-off of 1,500 ng/mL. RESULTS Overall, 684 urine samples were tested from 324 participants in the two cohorts. In Partners PrEP, 454 samples from 278 participants (41% women) were tested with a median age of 33 years. In IBrEATHe, 231 samples from 46 individuals (50% transwomen) were tested with a median age of 31 years. Comparison of the LFA read-out to ELISA yielded 100% sensitivity (97.5% one-sided confidence interval (CI)=99.3%), 98.3% specificity (95% CI=95.2%-99.7%), and 99.6% accuracy (95% CI=98.7%-99.9%). CONCLUSION The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of a novel POC test for urine tenofovir all exceeded 98% when compared to a laboratory-based ELISA method when tested in diverse patient populations. Given the LFA's high accuracy and expected low cost, this POC test is a promising tool to support antiretroviral adherence that could be widely scalable to real-world clinical settings.OBJECTIVE Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, whereas dietary factors are its most modifiable risk factors. The index of nutritional quality is considered as a general overview of the nutrient content of diet. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between the index of nutritional quality and the risk of colorectal cancer and adenomas. METHODS Overall, 129 colorectal cancer and 130 colorectal adenoma cases and 240 healthy controls were studied in three major general hospitals in Tehran province, Iran. Index of nutritional quality scores were calculated based on information on the usual diet that was assessed by a valid and reliable Food Frequency Questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the relationship between the index of nutritional quality scores and the risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma. RESULTS After controlling for several confounding factors, the index of nutritional quality of calcium, vitamin C, riboflavin, folate and fiber were associated with decreased risk of colorectal cancer [ORcalcium 0.