) twice a week for 7 weeks resulted in increased generation of reactive oxygen species and impairment of spatial cognitive function. The present study also found a positive association between Nrf2/PPARγ expression in hippocampus of mice, and activation of antioxidant defenses by the evidently upregulated expression of their downstream genes, including superoxide dismutase, heme oxygenase-1 and glutathione peroxidase-3. Therefore, our findings were helpful for further understanding the role of Nrf2/PPARγ feedback loop in As-induced neurobehavioral toxicity.Air Potato Yam is widely used in the treatment of many conditions such as cancer, inflammation, and goiter. Diosbulbin B (DIOB) is the primary active component of Air Potato Yam, and it exhibits anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties. The main purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism by which DIOB induces lung toxicity, using metabonomics and molecular biology techniques. The results showed that the lung toxicity induced by DIOB may occur because of a DIOB-induced increase in the plasma levels of long-chain free fatty acids and endogenous metabolites related to inflammation. In addition, treatment with DIOB increases the expression of the cyp3a13 enzyme, which leads to enhanced toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The molecular mechanism underlying toxicity in mouse lung cells is the DIOB-mediated inhibition of fatty acid β-oxidation, partial glycolysis, and the TCA cycle, but DIOB treatment can also compensate for the low Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply levels by improving the efficiency of the last step of the glycolysis reaction and by increasing the rate of anaerobic glycolysis. Using metabonomics and other methods, we identified the toxic effects of DIOB on the lung and clarified the underlying molecular mechanism.Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is generated at a high concentration by activated neutrophils at sites of inflammation in a myeloperoxidase catalyzed reaction. The increased and sustained production of HOCl at inflammatory sites may lead to tissue injury and this process is believed to play an important role in the progression of several diseases like chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis and some types of cancers. We have examined the effect of HOCl on human red blood cells (RBCs) under in vitro conditions. Treatment of RBC with different concentrations of HOCl (0.05-2.5 mM) at 37°C resulted in decreased activities of major antioxidant enzymes while the antioxidant power of RBC was weakened, as shown by lowered metal-reducing and free radical quenching ability of HOCl treated cells. RBC plasma membrane redox system was also inhibited suggesting membrane damage. The enzymes of glucose metabolism were inhibited indicating deranged energy metabolism. Electron microscopic images showed gross morphological changes in HOCl treated RBC. These results show that HOCl causes major alterations in the cellular antioxidant defense system and inhibition of glycolytic pathways, which increase the susceptibility of RBC to oxidative damage.Gastrodin (GAS), the main phenolic glycoside derivative from Gastrodiaelata Blume, has several bio-activities. However, the molecular mechanisms of these protective actions currently remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of GAS on lead (Pb)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in the kidneys and primary kidney mesangial cells. Results indicated that GAS improved Pb-induced renal dysfunction and morphological changes in mice. GAS ameliorated Pb-induced inflammation in kidneys by reducing the TNF-α and IL-6 levels. GAS inhibited Pb-induced oxidative stress by regulating the glutathione, thioredoxin (Trx), and Nrf2 antioxidant systems. Furthermore, GAS supplementation increased the activation of SOD, GPx, HO-1, and NQO1 in the kidneys. GAS decreased the expression levels of HMGB1, TLR4, RAGE, MyD88, and NF-κB. These results were further confirmed in primary kidney mesangial cells.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/loxo-292.html  Collectively, this study demonstrated that GAS alleviated Pb-induced kidney oxidative stress and inflammation by regulating the antioxidant systems and the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Highlights Gastrodin ameliorated Pb-induced kidney injury in mice.Gastrodin inhibited oxidative stress and inflammation in kidneys.Gastrodin activated the GSH, Trx and Nrf2 antioxidant system in kidneys.Gastrodin inhibited the activities of HMGB1. RAGE, TLR4, and MyD88.The efficiency of agro pesticides and fertilizers in eliminating pests and scaling up crop yield has motivated farmers to increase their use. Unfortunately, health hazards caused on farmers by these agrochemicals are of growing concern, though not well elucidated. In order to evaluate the effects of occupational exposure to agrochemicals on some key parameters of male farmers' health in Buea Subdivision, Cameroon, a total of 101 men, including 62 farmers using the agrochemicals and a reference population of 39 men not involved in occupational utilization of the agrochemicals, were interviewed on use of protective equipment, exposure symptoms and reproductive health status. Thereafter, serum cholinesterase [acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE)] activities, total antioxidant capacity and reproductive hormones [follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone and testosterone] were assessed. Results revealed that farmers mainly used insecticides followed by fungicides, herbicides and fertilizers, but with inadequate protective measures. The use of agrochemicals resulted in several exposure symptoms including weakness, itches, burning sensation, headache, sneezing, coughing and vomiting, as well as decrease in serum AChE activity when compared to the reference population. The agrochemicals impacted negatively on the farmers' reproductive health as evidenced by increased FSH levels. Taken altogether, these results suggested that exposure to agrochemicals adversely affects farmers' health. Therefore, there is a need to further sensitize the farmers on the use of protective equipment to mitigate the exposure and resulting health hazards.Cisplatin is used for treating multiple types of cancers. Alongside its therapeutic effects, there are side effects, including cytotoxicity and genotoxicity for healthy cells, which are mainly related to radical oxygen species (ROS) production by the drug. These side effects could troublesome the treatment process. Previous studies have suggested that members of Pinaceae family are rich sources of antioxidant components. This article investigates the antioxidant activity (AA) of Pinus eldarica (Pinaceae) along with its cyto/genoprotective effects following cisplatin exposure on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cell line. Pinus eldarica's hydroalcoholic bark extract (PEHABE) and P. eldarica's needle volatile oil (PENVO) were prepared using maceration and hydrodistillation methods, respectively. PENVO was analysed via gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry, and the total phenolic content of PEHBAE was measured by folin-ciocalteu reagent. AA of both PEHABE and PENVO were determined using DPPH assay. Moreover, MTT test was used to determine the cytoprotective effects of both agents.