Future work should investigate the role of soft tissues in vertebral joint stability. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.OBJECTIVES Reproducing cranial endocasts is a major goal of researchers interested in vertebrate brain evolution. We present a new R software, named endomaker, which allows the automatic extraction of endocasts from skull meshes along with the calculation of its volume. MATERIALS AND METHODS We applied endomaker on non-primate and primate skulls including the Australopithecus africanus specimen Sts-5. RESULTS We proved endomaker is faster, more feature-rich and possibly more accurate than competing software. DISCUSSION Endomaker is the only available program endowed with the possibility to process an entire mesh directory straight away, promising to expand the scope and phylogenetic breadth of comparative studies of brain evolution. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.BACKGROUND At birth, infants' lungs are fluid-filled. For newborns to have a successful transition, this fluid must be replaced by air to enable gas exchange. Some infants are judged to have inadequate breathing at birth and are resuscitated with positive pressure ventilation (PPV). Giving prolonged (sustained) inflations at the start of PPV may help clear lung fluid and establish gas volume within the lungs. OBJECTIVES To assess the benefits and harms of an initial sustained lung inflation (SLI) (> 1 second duration) versus standard inflations (≤ 1 second) in newborn infants receiving resuscitation with intermittent PPV. SEARCH METHODS We used the standard search strategy of Cochrane Neonatal to search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2019, Issue 3), MEDLINE via PubMed (1966 to 1 April 2019), Embase (1980 to 1 April 2019), and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) (1982 to 1 April 2019). We also searched clinical trials databases, conference proceedy support, or bronchopulmonary dysplasia, we found no benefit of sustained inflation over intermittent ventilation (moderate-quality evidence ‒ GRADE). Duration of mechanical ventilation was shortened in the SLI group (low-quality evidence ‒ GRADE); this result should be interpreted cautiously, however, as it might have been influenced by study characteristics other than the intervention. There is no evidence to support the use of sustained inflation based on evidence from our review. Copyright © 2020 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.OBJECTIVES Care for older adults with dementia during the final years of life is costly, and families shoulder much of this burden. We aimed to assess the financial burden of care for those with and without dementia, and to explore differences across residential settings. DESIGN Using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and linked claims, we examined total healthcare spending and proportion by payer-Medicare, Medicaid, out-of-pocket, and calculated costs of informal caregiving-over the last 7 years of life, comparing those with and without dementia and stratifying by residential setting. SETTING The HRS is a nationally representative longitudinal study of older adults in the United States.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tolebrutinib-sar442168.html  PARTICIPANTS We sampled HRS decedents from 2004 to 2015. To ensure complete data, we limited the sample to those 72 years or older at death who had continuous fee-for-service Medicare Parts A and B coverage during the 7-year period (n = 2909). MEASUREMENTS We compared decedents with dementia at last HRS assessment with th of considering the residential setting in research, programs, and policies. © 2020 The American Geriatrics Society.OBJECTIVES Identifying the interplay between socioeconomic markers (education and financial resources) and polygenetic predisposition influencing the time of dementia and the diagnosis of clinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia is of central relevance for preventive strategies. DESIGN Prospective cohort design. SETTING The English Longitudinal Study of Aging is a household survey data set of a representative sample. PARTICIPANTS A total of 7,039 individuals aged 50 years and older participated in the study. Of these, 320 (4.6%) were diagnosed with dementia over the 10-year follow-up. MEASUREMENTS Polygenic score (PGS) for Alzheimer's disease (AD-PGS) was calculated using summary statistics from the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project. An accelerated failure time survival model was used to investigate interactions between AD-PGS and socioeconomic markers on the timing of dementia and clinical AD dementia diagnosis. RESULTS A one standard deviation increase in AD-PGS was associated with an accelerarics Society.Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) has become a popular screening test for the most common fetal aneuploidies. The performance of NIPT is affected by several factors including maternal obesity, which results in a greater rate of no-calls for obese pregnant women. Guidelines regarding NIPT in prenatal screening have been published, but with few and divergent recommendations on the issue. We aimed to review the medical literature, guidelines from scientific societies and information material from commercial NIPT providers on no-calls and maternal obesity. We systematically identified medical literature and guidelines from scientific societies using the database MEDLINE. Information material from commercial NIPT providers was found via a systematic search on Google.com. Nine medical studies investigating the association between maternal obesity and NIPT no-calls were included. They all showed the same trend increasing no-call rate with increasing maternal obesity. The no-call rate ranged from 0% to 4.2% for women with BMI 18.5-24.9 and from 5.4% to 70.1% for women BMI ≥40. We identified 17 scientific societies with guidelines and 13 commercial NIPT providers. All were checked for information material on no-calls and maternal obesity. To allow comparison, all guidelines were examined to answer the same three predefined questions. Out of the 17 included scientific societies, 13 (76.5%) mentioned the association between maternal obesity and NIPT no-calls, two (11.8%) specified weight limits and three (17.6%) advised against NIPT for severely obese pregnant women. None of the 13 commercial NIPT providers provided specific recommendations, whilst four (30.8%) cite maternal obesity as a potential cause for a no-call. Because of the increasing number of patients in this group, we advocate updated recommendations to guide decision making in prenatal screening for obese pregnant women. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.