Electrical stimulation (EStim) has been shown to promote bone healing and regeneration both in animal experiments and clinical treatments. Therefore, incorporating EStim into promising new bone tissue engineering (BTE) therapies is a logical next step. The goal of current BTE research is to develop combinations of cells, scaffolds, and chemical and physical stimuli that optimize treatment outcomes. Recent studies demonstrating EStim's positive osteogenic effects at the cellular and molecular level provide intriguing clues to the underlying mechanisms by which it promotes bone healing. In this review, we discuss results of recent in vitro and in vivo research focused on using EStim to promote bone healing and regeneration and consider possible strategies for its application to improve outcomes in BTE treatments. Technical aspects of exposing cells and tissues to EStim in in vitro and in vivo model systems are also discussed.PURPOSE Intraosseous (IO) catheters continue to be recommended in trauma resuscitation. Their utility has recently been debated due to concerns regarding inadequate flow rates during blood transfusion, and the potential for haemolysis. The objective of this review was to examine the evidence for intraosseous catheters in trauma resuscitation, and to highlight areas for future research. METHODS A PubMed and Embase search for articles published from January 1990 to August 2018 using the terms ("intra-osseous access" or "intraosseous access" or "IO access") AND trauma was performed. Original articles describing the use of an IO catheter in the resuscitation of one or more trauma patients were eligible. Animal, cadaveric studies and those involving healthy volunteers were excluded. RESULTS Nine studies, comprising of 1218 trauma patients and 1432 device insertions, were included. The insertion success rate was 95% and the incidence of complications 0.9%. Flow-rate data and evidence of haemolysis were poorly reported. CONCLUSION Intraosseous catheters have high insertion success rates and a low incidence of complications in trauma patients. Existing evidence suggests that IO transfusion is not associated with haemolysis, however, further studies in humans are needed. There is a paucity of flow rate data for blood transfusion via IO catheters in this population, although much anecdotal evidence advocating their use exists.INTRODUCTION This study evaluated the optimal anatomical locking plate position using three-dimensional printed models of the clavicle. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three-dimensional models of the fractured clavicle were reproduced from seventeen patients who underwent minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) procedures. The fracture location-the percentage of the distal fragment length compared to the entire clavicle-ranged from 30-44%. We evaluated four commercially available plate systems for position and fitting with the bone. After reducing the fracture on each three-dimensional model, we determined the optimal plate and its position.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/idf-11774.html  RESULTS The anatomical plate fitted well when positioned in the middle of the clavicle for a fracture location ranging from 40 to 60%. When the fracture location was 30-40%, the anatomical plate fit well onto the bone model only in 36% of clavicles; otherwise, the reversed position of the anatomical plate or the lateral plate fit well. The anatomical plate was found to be unsuitable when the fracture location was less than 30%; in this case, the lateral plate was the best fit. CONCLUSION Fitting the anatomical plate in MIPO for clavicle fractures depends on the fracture location. This can help surgeons determine the optimal plate for clavicle MIPO.Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma are the most important benign osteoid-forming tumors. They grow slowly and are well differentiated. Histologically, the tumor cells show no atypia and no increased mitoses. In typical cases, they can be clearly diagnosed. However, the rare cases on the dividing line between osteoblastoma and osteosarcoma are extremely problematic. In these cases, molecular genetic investigations should contribute to finding the correct diagnosis in the future.Juvenile highly malignant osteosarcoma is the most important malignant osteoid-forming tumor. About 40 years ago, neoadjuvant chemotherapy was introduced for the mostly young patients. This therapy highly significantly improved prognosis. However, a plateau phase was quickly reached and the last several decades have seen no further progress in conventional therapeutic approaches. There is no doubt that further progress can only be achieved on the basis of new molecular genetic and cell biological findings. The target-therapeutic strategies derived from these findings will be discussed in this review.The rare parosteal osteosarcoma and the even rarer periosteal osteosarcoma are mostly not highly malignant tumors that are located on the surface of bone. The parosteal osteosarcoma is usually G1 and the periosteal osteosarcoma G2. Occasionally, the differential diagnosis between a parosteal osteosarcoma and a fibrous dysplasia is difficult. In such rare cases, the detection of GNAS mutations in fibrous dysplasia can prove useful. In contrast to chondromas and chondrosarcomas, periosteal osteosarcomas do not contain IDH1 and IDH2 mutations.Osteosarcoma is an often highly malignant mesenchymal tumor. By definition, osteosarcoma cells are able to form osteoid, which can mature into tumor bone. Osteosarcoma metastasizes preferentially to the lung. In Europe, the incidence is between 2 and 5 new diagnoses per 1,000,000 people per year. The underlying mechanisms for osteosarcoma formation are not well understood. However, previous radiotherapy or exposition to nuclear radiation increase the risk of osteosarcoma. Patients are usually treated with a neoadjuvant chemotherapy, followed by complete surgical resection of the tumor and post-surgical chemotherapy, which leads to a five-year survival rate of approximately 70% for all stages. Scientific publications in recent years have shown that expression of the cell surface protein interleukin-11 receptor (IL-11R) correlates with a worse prognosis for patients. The IL-11R is activated by its ligand, the cytokine IL-11. IL-11 activates several intracellular signaling cascades within its target cells and is known to be an important regulator of bone homeostasis.