The meta-analysis showed that HFI was associated with developmental risk (OR 1.28; 95% CI [1.14, 1.45]), cognitive/vocabulary (OR 0.94; 95% CI [0.90, 0.98]), and cognitive/math (OR 0.84; 95% CI [0.73, 0.96]). HFI was marginally associated with cognitive/school readiness and reading (OR 0.91; 95% CI [0.82, 1.00]) and motor development (OR; 0.91, 95% CI [0.80, 1.04]). HFI was associated with poor ECD in children under 5 years old. Specifically, HFI was associated with developmental risk and poor math skills in studies conducted in HICs and with poor vocabulary skills in studies conducted in both HICs and LMICs. Prospective studies examining HFI and ECD are needed in LMICs. © 2020 The Authors. Maternal & Child Nutrition published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.BACKGROUND Precursor colonic polyps of varied subtypes correlate with the known neoplastic pathways. When patients present with synchronous pre-malignant polyps of multiple histologies, multiple genetic mechanisms are likely to be active, potentially resulting in a more unstable, tumourigenic mucosa. METHODS We hypothesized that patients with a combination of sessile serrated adenomas/polyps (SSA/Ps), hyperplastic (HP) polyps and adenomas would be at highest risk of developing dysplasia/cancer compared to SSA/Ps alone, due to the synergistic effect of multiple active carcinogenic pathways. A prospective colonoscopy database was examined for patients with a history of SSA/P. Patients were placed into four groups based on patterns of polyp histology as follows (i) only SSA/Ps; (ii) SSA/P + HP; (iii) SSA/Ps + adenomas; and (iv) SSA/Ps + HP + adenomas. These groups were compared in terms of the numbers, size, location and histology of polyps and personal or family history of colorectal cancer. RESULTS A total of 374 patients were included. The average age was 70 years (range 21-88), and 43% were male. There was a trend towards the most aggressive neoplastic pattern in group 4, associated with a tendency to larger SSA/Ps, more villous architecture in the adenomas and more high-grade dysplasia in both types of polyps. It was also associated with multiplicity of both SSA/Ps and adenomas. No SSA/Ps existing in the absence of adenomas had cytological dysplasia. CONCLUSION The combination of SSA/Ps, HP and adenomas in the colorectal epithelium seems to be a marker for aggressive carcinogenesis and suggests that accurate and effective surveillance is important to manage this risk. © 2020 Royal Australasian College of Surgeons.BACKGROUND The transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) is a newly developed non-invasive technique in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy and results in positive effects for patients who cannot tolerate invasive vagus nerve stimulation. In this study, we aim to define the relationship between tVNS and seizure control, quality of life (QOL) and some other factors. METHODS We found articles by searching through PubMed and Web of Science, and a total of three articles with 280 patients overall were included. These eligible studies include two randomized double-blinded trials and one randomized single-blinded trial. Meta-analysis and systematic review were performed, analysing the association between tVNS and seizure frequency using the available data. The responder rate, QOL and adverse effects were also analysed. RESULTS The results showed a significant difference in seizure frequency between treatment group and control group (Z = 2.14, P = 0.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) -6.31 to -0.27; I2 = 10%). However, only two studies provided the data of responders, and the result failed to figure out a significant difference (Z = 0.75, P = 0.45, 95% CI (odds ratio) 1.47 (0.54-4.02); I2 = 61%). It is difficult to define whether tVNS improved QOL between treatment and control groups using the available data. The adverse effects seem to be very few, with the most common being headache. CONCLUSION tVNS is an effective procedure to control the frequency of seizures according to the available data, especially for those patients who do not want to tolerate a surgical procedure. © 2020 Royal Australasian College of Surgeons.BACKGROUND The concurrent presence of lupus anticoagulant, anti-cardiolipin and anti β2-glycoprotein I antibodies (triple positive profile) identifies patients at high-risk of thromboembolic events. These patients are also positive for anti phosphatidyl-serine/prothrombin antibodies (tetra positive profile). OBJECTIVE Understand which antibody among anti β2-glycoprotein I and anti phosphatidyl-serine/prothrombin is responsible for lupus anticoagulant activity is not defined. PATIENTS/METHODS Affinity purified anti β2-glycoprotein I antibodies from plasma of 14 tetra positive patients spiked into normal pooled plasma were tested. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Anti β2-glycoprotein I antibodies did not prolong the diluted Russell Viper Venom Time and Silica Clotting Time (median ratio 0.98, IQR 0.9-1.06 and 1.0, IQR 0.91-1.03, respectively). Anticoagulant activity remained in the flow through that was deprived of anti β2 glycoprotein I antibodies (median ratio 1.88, IQR 1.58-2.77, and 1.75, IQR 1.17-2.9, respectively). This material was loaded on size-exclusion chromatography Sephacryl S-300 column and showed that anticoagulant activity and anti phosphatidyl-serine/prothrombin antibodies co-eluted in the same fractions. Besides, the flow through was poured into a prothrombin affinity column.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ga-017.html  Protein yield in three patients ranged from 54 to 91 μg/mL and showed strong positivity in phosphatidyl-serine/prothrombin ELISA. The affinity purified material prolonged the coagulation time of normal pooled plasma the diluted Russell Viper Venom ratio in the three patients was 2.09, 1.21, 1.35 and that of Silica Clotting Time was 2.05, 1.5, 2.13. In conclusion, under the assay conditions used, anticoagulant activity in tetra positive antiphospholipid syndrome patients may largely be attributable to anti phosphatidyl-serine/prothrombin antibodies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Comprehensive social cognition training programs have been effective to improve social cognition in people with chronic schizophrenia, although there is insufficient quality evidence for recent-onset psychosis. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT) in a sample of recent-onset schizophrenia outpatients. Sixteen participants who had their first psychotic episode for less than 2 years were randomly allocated to the SCIT group during 20 weeks (weekly sessions) or to a psychoeducation group and completed baseline and post-training assessment for cognitive biases, social cognition, clinical symptoms and functioning. Permutation-based analysis revealed improvements in overall functioning (P = 0.036) and blame score (P = 0.070) in the SCIT group compared to the psychoeducation intervention, with large effect sizes (d = 1.438 and d = 1.204, respectively). There were also large effect sizes for hostility, emotion recognition, social perception, positive and total symptoms (d = 0.