001), spent a higher percentage of time at &lt;60% HRmax (p &lt; 0.001), and a lower percentage of time between 71 and 80% HRmax (p = 0.004). Finally, external and internal load were strongly correlated for referees at the semi-professional level only (r = 0.75, p &lt; 0.001).
 
  Overall, the findings demonstrate that refereeing 15-a-side rugby union is more physically demanding at higher competitive levels, particularly in terms of highintensity efforts. The results provide important information for practitioners involved in the physical preparation and training of rugby union referees.
 Overall, the findings demonstrate that refereeing 15-a-side rugby union is more physically demanding at higher competitive levels, particularly in terms of highintensity efforts. The results provide important information for practitioners involved in the physical preparation and training of rugby union referees.
  Few studies have examined the influence of nutritional status and mental stress on menstrual cycle characteristics. The purpose of this study was to describe the impact of low energy availability (EA) and mental health problems on the menstrual cycles of elite female rowing competitors during a survey period.
 
  We enrolled sixteen subjects (16 -18 years old) who were elite female rowing competitors preparing for an international competition. This study provides the first long-term assessment of dietary intake, body mass/composition, state of anxiety, and menstrual cycle in international level female athletes.
 
  Dietary energy intake increased significantly during the investigation period (p &lt; 0.001). CHO intake increased significantly during the investigation period (p &lt; 0.005). EA significantly increased during the investigation period (p &lt; 0.01). The percentage of athletes with menstrual dysfunction was 20.0% in April 2018 (2 of 10), but none of the athletes reported menstrual dysfunction in October 2019. The mental status measured by state anxiety index (STAI) did not change significantly during this survey period (p &gt; 0.05).
 
  There was no athlete who has menstrual disfunction after sufficient CHO intake during this survey period. These findings of this study suggest that adequate EA levels and sufficient CHO intake might lead to improved menstrual function. In addition, the impact of psychological factors on menstrual dysfunction at normal levels may be less than the effects of nutritional status.
 There was no athlete who has menstrual disfunction after sufficient CHO intake during this survey period.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD2281(Olaparib).html  These findings of this study suggest that adequate EA levels and sufficient CHO intake might lead to improved menstrual function. In addition, the impact of psychological factors on menstrual dysfunction at normal levels may be less than the effects of nutritional status.
  Great demands are imposed upon the perceptual-motor system when undertaking ball-throwing and -hitting tasks including cricket. That is, performers must detect and resolve object details while on the move - something referred to as dynamic visual acuity (DVA). The present study aimed to investigate DVA in skilled cricketers and non-cricketers using a more immediate or real-time assessment.
 
  Skilled cricketers and non-cricketers had to detect the presence of the gap within a Landolt-C ring as it moved horizontally or vertically, while progressively increasing the size until the participants registered a response. Measures were taken as the mean (dynamic) minimum angle of resolution of the object size at the moment that participants correctly responded to the gap. Objects would move at either a high, medium or low velocity.
 
  There was greater dynamic visual acuity in the skilled cricketers compared to non-cricketers (p &lt; .05). There was a reduced negative influence of object velocity on dynamic visual acuity in the skilled cricketers compared to non-cricketers (p &lt; .05).
 
  We suggest these findings contribute to the growing evidence surrounding DVA within ball-throwing and -hitting sports, while making some assertions as to the implications for the cricket performance setting.
 We suggest these findings contribute to the growing evidence surrounding DVA within ball-throwing and -hitting sports, while making some assertions as to the implications for the cricket performance setting.
  Swimmers have larger lungs and a higher diffusion capacity than other athletes, but it remains unknown whether swimming exercise changes lung diffusing properties. This study aimed to evaluate modifications in pulmonary alveolar-capillary diffusion after swimming exercise.
 
  The participants were 21 elite level swimmers, including 7 females and 14 males, with a training volume of 45-70 kilometres of swimming per week. The singlebreath method was used to measure the lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO and the transfer coefficient of the lungs for carbon monoxide (KCO) before and after 10 training sessions over 4 weeks along 207 pre- to post- evaluations.
 
  Swimming training consistently decreased lung diffusion capacity during the follow-up period, both DLCO (44.4 ± 8.1 to 43.3 ± 8.9 mL·min-1·mmHg-1, P = 0.047, ŋ2p = 0.55) and KCO (5.92 ± 0.79 to 5.70 ± 0.81 mL·min-1·mmHg-1·L-1, P = 0.003, ŋ2p = 0.75).
 
  Elite swimmers experience a subclinical impairment in lung diffusing capacity after swimming exercise, but the stress caused by swimming on the lungs and the acute reduction in DLCO does not lead to physiological dysfunction.
 Elite swimmers experience a subclinical impairment in lung diffusing capacity after swimming exercise, but the stress caused by swimming on the lungs and the acute reduction in DLCO does not lead to physiological dysfunction.
  It is well known that the prevalence of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome is increasing during the transition to menopausal stages. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute step-aerobic exercise on levels of leptin and adiponectin, which are adipose tissue-derived adipocytokines, and associated with obesity and hypertension, etc, in sedentary premenopausal women.
 
  Twenty-four sedentary pre-menopausal volunteer women between the ages of 40-45 (pre-menopause group) and 24 healthy adults between the ages of 21-39 (control group) were enrolled in this study. Moderate intensity step-aerobic exercise (50-60 % of HRMax) was applied for 60 min to the premenopausal subjects. Venous blood samples were obtained before and after the exercise. Adiponectin and leptin levels were determined, using the ELISA method.
 
  No statistically significant difference was found in terms of BMI values, and leptin levels between the pre-menopause and control group, while differences of adiponectin were statistically significant.