hildren receiving standard iron supplements as drops or syrups. Copyright © 2020 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.BACKGROUND Little is known about the validity of numeric and verbal rating scales (NRS and VRS) for itch and itch frequency for assessing itch severity in AD. We evaluated the Patient-Reported Outcomes Information System (PROMIS® ) Itch Questionnaire (PIQ) - itch severity assessment, including multiple NRS, VRS and frequency of itch assessments, in adults with AD and compared their performance. METHODS Self-administered questionnaires and skin-examination were performed in 410 AD patients (age 18-90 years) in a dermatology practice setting. RESULTS PIQ NRS, VRS and frequency of itch had good content validity; strong correlations with each other (Spearman correlations, P less then 0.0001) and weak-moderate correlations with POEM, EASI, objective-SCORAD, and DLQI (P less then 0.0001); and very good discriminant validity.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cbr-470-1.html  Changes from baseline in NRS, VRS and frequency of itch were moderately to strongly correlated with each other, weakly to moderately correlated with other patient-reported (POEM, SCORAD-itch, DLQI) and clinical-reported outcomes (EASI, objective-SCORAD). NRS and VRS worst- and average-itch showed moderate to good test-retest reliability. There were no floor or ceiling effects for NRS or VRS itch, but there were ceiling effects for itch frequency. Each assessments was completed in less then 1 minute by all patients. CONCLUSIONS NRS, VRS and frequency of itch from PIQ - itch severity showed good content and construct validity, reliability, and/or responsiveness in adults with AD, and were feasible for use in clinical trials and practice. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.PREMISE Perhaps the most rapid period of vascular plant evolution occurred during the Silurian-Devonian time interval. Yet, few quantitative analyses have established the extent to which anatomical, morphological, or reproductive features contributed to this episode of tracheophyte diversification. METHODS Phylogenetic analyses were performed using a newly revised matrix of 54 characters (with 158 character states) of 37 of the best-preserved Paleozoic (predominantly Devonian) plants. Equisetum was included to determine whether it aligns with fossil sphenopsids or taxa collectively considered "ferns". The topology of the 54-character consensus tree was then compared to the topologies generated using only reproductive features (18 characters; 47 character states), only anatomical features (14 characters; 54 character states), only morphological features (22 characters; 57 character states), and the three pairwise combinations (e.g., anatomical and morphological characters). RESULTS The new 54-character tree topology continued to identify a trimerophyte-euphyllophyte clade and a zosterophyllophyte-lycophyte clade emerging from a Cooksonia-rhyniophyte plexus. Equisetum aligned with fossil sphenopsids rather than fern-like fossil taxa. Reproductive characters or anatomical characters analyzed in isolation resulted in nearly complete polytomy. Among the various permutations of the three categories, anatomical and morphological characters when combined provided the best restoration of the 54-character tree topology. CONCLUSIONS The phylogenetic relationships among the canonical fossil taxa used in this analysis predominantly reflect morphological trends. Reproductive and anatomical features taken in isolation appear to be evolutionarily conservative characters, i.e., natural selection "sees" the external phenotype. © 2020 Botanical Society of America.BACKGROUND Inhalation of hypertonic saline improves sputum rheology, accelerates mucociliary clearance and improves clinical outcomes of people with cystic fibrosis. This is an update of a previously published Cochrane Review. OBJECTIVES To determine whether the timing of hypertonic saline inhalation (in relation to airway clearance techniques or in relation to time of day) has an impact on its clinical efficacy in people with cystic fibrosis. SEARCH METHODS We identified relevant randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials from the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis Trials Register, the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), and international cystic fibrosis conference proceedings. Date of the last search of the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group's Cystic Fibrosis Trials Register 28 February 2019. SELECTION CRITERIA Any trial of hypertonic saline in people with cystic fibrosis where timing of inhalation was the randomised element in the study protocol with either inhalation up to six hours be is inhaled could be based on convenience or tolerability until evidence comparing these regimens is available. The identified trials were all of very short intervention periods, so longer-term research could be conducted to establish the effects arising from regular use, which would incorporate the influence of changes in adherence with long-term use, as well as generating data on any adverse effects that occur with long-term use. Copyright © 2020 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Annexins are well-known Ca2+ phospholipid-binding proteins, which have a wide variety of cellular functions. The role of annexin A1 (AnxA1) in the innate immune system has focused mainly on the anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties through its binding to the FPR2/ALX Receptor. However, studies suggesting an intracellular role of AnxA1 are emerging. In this study, we aimed to understand the role of AnxA1 for IL-1β release in response to activators of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Using AnxA1 knockout mice, we observed that AnxA1 is required for IL-1β release in vivo and in vitro. These effects were due to reduction of transcriptional levels of IL-1β, NLRP3 and caspase-1, a step called NLRP3 priming. Moreover, we demonstrate that AnxA1 co-localize and directly bind to NLRP3, suggesting the role of AnxA1 in inflammasome activation is independent of its anti-inflammatory role via FPR2. Therefore, AnxA1 regulates NLRP3 inflammasome priming and activation in a FPR2-independent manner. This article is protected by copyright.