https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Masitinib-(AB1010).html 69 ± 2.37%. Additionally, the complexing capability of the main functionalities, COO- and C-OH in proteins with Cd (II) was stronger than that of C-O(H) and C-O-C in polysaccharides or C-OH in the humus-related substances. Oxygen atom in protein carboxyl C-O might be the key site of EPS-Cd (II) complexation, supported by the modified Ryan-Weber complexation model and the obvious shift of oxygen valence-electron signal. These findings provide deep insights into understanding the interaction of EPS with heavy metals in aquatic environment. Biliary tract cancers (BTC) comprise a group of rare and heterogeneous poor-prognosis tumours with the incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma increasing over recent years. Combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin is the established first-line treatment for advanced BTC with a significant but modest survival advantage over monotherapy. There remains no accepted standard treatment in the second-line setting, although recent results from a randomised study have shown a survival benefit with 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin chemotherapy. Historically, clinical trials investigating targeted therapies in unselected BTC have failed to demonstrate significant clinical benefit. More recently, advancement in molecular exploration of BTC has shed light on the complex biological heterogeneity within these tumours and has also identified actionable genomic aberrations, such as fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene fusions, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and BRAF mutations, which offer promise with the anticipation of increased responses and durable clinical benefit in selected patients. Several targeted drugs have now entered clinical development with some encouraging results being seen. Here we review the current and rapidly evolving therapeutic landscape of advanced BTC, including targeted therapies and immunotherapy. We also discuss how recent efforts a