To report real-world long-term survival of primary penetrating keratoplasty (PK) in the United States and analyze risk factors associated with failure.
 
  Retrospective longitudinal cohort study using a large commercial insurance database.
 
  Ten million patients enrolled in the database from 2011 to 2017 were identified using Current Procedural Terminology codes for PK.
 
  Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to determine failure rate and risk factors impacting graft outcomes.
 
  Five hundred and ninety-six primary PKs were identified. The 3-year survival was 78% (confidence interval [CI] 73%-82%), 5-year survival was 76% (CI 70%-80%), and 7-year survival was 73% (CI 66%-79%).
 
  This study demonstrated a significantly lower 5-year success rate for primary PK performed for all causes than previously published case series in the United States.
 This study demonstrated a significantly lower 5-year success rate for primary PK performed for all causes than previously published case series in the United States.
  Socioeconomic factors may impact how a patient is treated for prostate cancer (CaP). Our objective was to determine if county of residence or neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics were associated with treatment for CaP in New York City (NYC).
 
  We used the NYSPACED database to identify men aged 40 to 80 years with localized CaP in NYC between 2004 and 2016. We categorized patients into receiving either aggressive local therapy (ALT) or non-aggressive treatment (NT). We identified borough of residence through NYSPACED and used Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA) designation to define neighborhood characteristics using United States Census data. We hypothesized that differences exist in use of ALT according to county of residence and neighborhood characteristics. We used multivariable logistic regression to test the association between county of residence and ALT as well as between ALT and PUMA characteristics.
 
  Our cohort included 40,668 patients. Overall, 80% had ALT, and 21% had NT. NT use increased over time from 16% in 2004 to 32% in 2016 (P< .001). On multivariable logistic regression, patients in Manhattan were less likely to receive ALT compared with those in other boroughs (P< .001). PUMAs with lower education attainment, larger foreign-born populations, lower crime rate, and higher median income were significantly associated with receipt of ALT (P< .05).
 
  We observed significant differences in use of treatment for men with newly diagnosed CaP in NYC. The ability to receive this treatment was associated with borough of residence as well as neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics. Additional research is required to identify barriers in access to NT within NYC.
 We observed significant differences in use of treatment for men with newly diagnosed CaP in NYC.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/fluoxetine.html  The ability to receive this treatment was associated with borough of residence as well as neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics. Additional research is required to identify barriers in access to NT within NYC.An increasing number of studies of left ventricular myocardial deformation have been published. Layer-specific strain using speckle tracking echocardiography to evaluate left ventricular function is not recommended in clinical practice. However, evaluation of myocardial mechanics using longitudinal and circumferential layer-specific strain enables the detection of subclinical impairment of myocardial deformation in various diseases. Unfortunately, normal values for longitudinal and circumferential strain have not been clearly defined. In normal subjects, layer-specific strain decreases from the endocardial to the epicardial layer, and from the apex to the base of the left ventricle. Although various studies have tried to define normal values for each layer in healthy subjects, studies with more subjects are needed. This tool has good reproducibility in terms of intraobserver and interobserver variability, but, as with monolayer strain, it has poor intervendor variability. Efforts that aim for standardization between vendors will be required before widespread use of this technique can be advocated.
  Permanent pacing is common after valve intervention. The presence of a conventional pacemaker in this population is recognized as a risk factor for infectious events. Therefore, a leadless pacing system could be the preferred strategy when permanent pacing is required after valve intervention.
 
  To report periprocedural outcomes and follow-up of patients undergoing implantation of a leadless pacing system after valve intervention.
 
  Patients with previous valve intervention at the time of attempted implantation of a leadless pacemaker (Micra™, Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) were included, and were compared with a control group (patients also implanted with Micra™ without valve intervention).
 
  Among a total of 170 Micra™ implantation procedures, 54 patients (31.8%) had a history of valve intervention 28 after aortic valve replacement; 10 after mitral valve replacement; one after single tricuspid valvuloplasty; and 15 after multiple valve surgery. Median age of the patients was 82.5 (77.0-86.0) years and 5vention.Until recently, robust autoluminescence in plants has proven elusive. Two recent pioneering manuscripts (Khakhar et al. and Mitiouchkina et al.) expand our understanding of fungal bioluminescence to provide a new blueprint for engineering autoluminescence in plants. Here we discuss translating a fungal bioluminescence pathway into plants, along with potential future applications.
  Among the various steps of a penile inversion feminizing genitoplasty, reconstruction of the clitoris and labia minora remains the most challenging procedure.
 
  This study aims to evaluate surgical outcomes of neoclitoroplasty performed before and after the introduction of the labia minora's creation in our surgical technique.
 
  A retrospective analysis was carried out comparing 2 groups of patients that underwent penile inversion feminizing surgery group A (64 patients) who had labia minora and clitoral hood creation and group B (103 patients) who did not.
 
  To describe the surgical technique and outcomes of clitorolabiaplasty in male-to-female gender-affirmation surgery.
 
  Concerning overall complication rates, there were significant differences in the incidence of hemorrhage and urethral stenosis (P<.01). Hemorrhage surrounding the urethra and labia was identified in 40 patients (group A n=8 [12.5%]; group B n=32 [31%]) (P=.006). Neomeatal stenosis occurred in 17 patients (group A n=1 [1.5%]; group B n=16 [15.