A contract prepared by the institution and signed by the supervisor and the student could help specify the task and may serve as a starting point. In case of a conflict, grievance mechanisms also need to be clear and explicit. Supervisors ought to assist the career development of the students and guide them to become independent researchers. Unfortunately, different surveys showed that there is widespread discontent among the students about their supervisors. Performance pressure on both students and supervisors create enormous tension. Students feel stressed about their career prospects. Institutional policies should consider these stress points to enhance the wellbeing of students as well as the faculty. © 2020 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.A quantitative understanding of how system composition and molecular properties conspire to determine the fidelity of translation is lacking. Our strategy directs an orthogonal tRNA to directly compete against endogenous tRNAs to decode individual targeted codons in a GFP reporter. Sets of directed sense codon reassignment measurements allow isolation of particular factors contributing to translational fidelity. In this report, we isolate the effect of tRNA concentration on translational fidelity by evaluating reassignment of the 15 least commonly employed E. coli sense codons. Eight of the rarely used codons are reassigned with greater than 20% efficiency. Both tRNA abundance and codon demand moderately inversely correlate with reassignment efficiency. Furthermore, reassignment of rarely used codons does not appear to confer a fitness advantage relative to reassignment of other codons. These direct competition experiments also map the potential targets for genetic code expansion. The isoleucine AUA codon is particularly attractive for incorporation of non-canonical amino acids, with a non-optimized reassignment efficiency of nearly 70%. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Inhibition of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has long been considered promising to treat various diseases associated with an elevated activity of PLA2. However, safe and effective PLA2 inhibitors remain unavailable. Herein, we report a biomimetic nanoparticle design that enables a 'lure and kill' mechanism designed for PLA2 inhibition (denoted 'L&K-NP'). Specifically, the L&K-NPs are made with polymeric cores wrapped with modified red blood cell membrane that is inserted with two key components melittin and oleyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (OOPC). Melittin acts as a PLA2 attractant that works together with the membrane lipids to 'lure' in-coming PLA2 for attack. Meanwhile, OOPC acts as an inhibitor that 'kills' PLA2 upon the enzymatic attack. Both compounds are integrated into L&K-NP structure, which voids toxicity associated with free molecules. In the study, L&K-NPs effectively inhibit PLA2-induced hemolysis. In mice administered with a lethal dose of venomous PLA2, L&K-NPs also inhibit hemolysis and confer a significant survival benefit. Furthermore, L&K-NPs show no obvious toxicity in mice. Overall, L&K-NP design provides a platform technology for a safe and effective anti-PLA2 approach. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.SO2 has been proposed in solar geoengineering as a precursor of H2SO4 aerosol, a cooling agent active in the stratosphere to contrast climate change. Atmospheric ionization sources can ionize SO2 into excited states of SO2·+ , quickly reacting with trace gases in the stratosphere. In this work we explore the reaction of H2(D2) with SO2·+ excited by tunable synchrotron radiation, leading to HSO2+ + H(DSO2+ + D), where H contributes to O3 depletion. Density Functional Theory and Variational Transition State Theory have been used to  investigate the dynamics of the title reaction, which is barrierless and exothermic. The present results suggest that solar geoengineering  models should test the reactivity of SO2·+ with major trace gases in the stratosphere, such as H2 since this is a relevant channel for the OH formation during the nighttime when there is not OH production by sunlight. OH oxides SO2 , triggering the chemical reactions leading to H2SO 4 aerosol. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Although hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has recently been identified as a highly efficient catalyst for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODHP) reaction, the reaction mechanisms, especially regarding radical chemistry of this system, remain elusive. Herein we report the first direct experimental evidence of gas-phase methyl radicals (CH 3 ∙) in the ODHP reaction over boron-based catalysts by using an online synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectroscopy (SVUV-PIMS), which uncovers the existence of gas-phase radical pathways.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/dx3-213b.html  Combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, our results demonstrate that propene is mainly generated on the catalyst surface from the C-H activation of propane while C 2 and C 1 products can be formed via both surface-mediated and gas-phase pathways. These observations provide new insights towards understanding the ODHP reaction mechanisms over boron-based catalysts. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.In-situ evolution of electrocatalysts is of paramount importance in defining catalytic reactions. Catalysts for aprotic electrochemistry such as lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are the cornerstone to enhance intrinsically sluggish reaction kinetics but the true active phases are often controversial. Herein, we reveal the electrochemical phase evolution of metal-based pre-catalysts (Co4N) in working Li-S batteries that renders highly active electrocatalysts (CoSx ). Electrochemical cycling induces the transformation from single-crystalline Co4N to polycrystalline CoSx that are rich in active sites. This transformation propels all-phase polysulfide-involving reactions. Consequently, Co4N enables stable operation of high-rate (10 C, 16.7 mA cm-2 ) and electrolyte-starved (4.7 μL mg S-1 ) Li-S batteries. The general concept of electrochemically induced sulfurization is verified by thermodynamic energetics for most of low-valence metal compounds, which opens up catalyst innovation, reshape understanding of polysulfide electrocatalysis, and enlighten other catalytic reactions in aprotic electrochemistry.