Due to the inconsistent use of diagnostic criteria in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), it is unsure whether physiotherapeutic management regarded effective in ME/CFS is appropriate for patients diagnosed with criteria that consider post-exertional malaise (PEM) as a hallmark feature.
 
  To appraise current evidence of the effects of physiotherapy on symptoms and functioning in ME/CFS patients in view of the significance of PEM in the applied diagnostic criteria for inclusion.
 
  A systematic review of randomized controlled trials published over the last two decades was conducted. Studies evaluating physiotherapeutic interventions for adult ME/CFS patients were included. The diagnostic criteria sets were classified into three groups according to the extent to which the importance of PEM was emphasized chronic fatigue (CF; PEM not mentioned as a criterion), CFS (PEM included as an optional or minor criterion) or ME (PEM is a required symptom). The main results of included studies were synthesized in relation to the classification of the applied diagnostic criteria. In addition, special attention was given to the tolerability of the interventions.
 
  Eighteen RCTs were included in the systematic review three RCTs with CF patients, 14 RCTs with CFS patients and one RCT covering ME patients with PEM. Intervention effects, if any, seemed to disappear with more narrow case definitions, increasing objectivity of the outcome measures and longer follow-up.
 
  Currently, there is no scientific evidence when it comes to effective physiotherapy for ME patients. Applying treatment that seems effective for CF or CFS patients may have adverse consequences for ME patients and should be avoided.
 Currently, there is no scientific evidence when it comes to effective physiotherapy for ME patients. Applying treatment that seems effective for CF or CFS patients may have adverse consequences for ME patients and should be avoided.
  Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a systemic inflammatory response characterized by the overexpression of inflammatory genes. Controlling CRS is essential for improving the therapeutic effects of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineered T cells. However, current treatment options are limited given the complexity of cytokine interactions so it is important to seek a mild strategy with broad-spectrum inhibition to overcome this challenge.
 
  Using THZ1, a covalent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7), we demonstrated the transcriptional suppression of inflammatory genes in activated macrophages. RNA sequencing and ChIP sequencing were conducted to identify the key target genes of the inflammatory response. Pathogen- and CAR T cell-induced CRS models were also established to assess the efficacy and safety of targeting CDK7.
 
  CDK7 blockade attenuated cytokine release, mitigated hyperinflammatory states and rescued mice from lethal CRS. Targeting CDK7 preferentially suppressed a set of inflammatory genes, of which STAT1 and IL1 were the key targets associated with super enhancers. Furthermore, we confirmed the potent efficacy of THZ1 in alleviating the CRS induced by CAR T cell infusion without causing tissue injury or impairing antitumor effects.
 
  Our work indicates the CDK7-dependent transcription addiction of inflammatory genes. Targeting CDK7 is a promising strategy for treating CRS by inhibiting multiple cytokines.
 Our work indicates the CDK7-dependent transcription addiction of inflammatory genes. Targeting CDK7 is a promising strategy for treating CRS by inhibiting multiple cytokines.
  The effectiveness of lumbar total disc replacement (TDR) with different prostheses for sagittal alignment has been reported previously. However, there are only few reports on Activ L TDR and no specific evidence regarding whether sagittal alignment affects the clinical outcomes.
 
  Eighty-seven patients who underwent mono- or bi-segmental lumbar TDR with Activ L were studied. The films of the upright anteroposterior and lateral spine in neutral, flexion, and extension positions were obtained before surgery and at 1 month and 1 and 3 years after surgery. The radiographic parameters such as lumbar lordosis (LL), index level lordosis (IL), pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), segmental lordosis (SL), and sacral slope (SS) were measured based on the lateral upright radiographs. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and visual analog scale (VAS) pre- and post-operatively.
 
  Eighty-seven patients with complete radiographic data were available for a 3-year follow-up period.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gw4869.html  Of these, 66 received a single-level TDR, and 21 received a 2-level TDR. At 1 month, the mean LL was similar to the pre-operative data and then was significantly increased to 45.1° at 3 years. On average, the IL tended to significantly increase, while the mean SL at L-5 was increased from 16.5° pre-operatively to 21.0° at 3 years. The mean SL at L1-2, L2-3, L3-4, and L5-S1; PI; PT; and SS showed no obvious difference after 3 years. In contrast, VAS and ODI scores showed significant improvement after surgery.
 
  Activ L TDR showed a favorable effect on sagittal alignment, enhancing the IL while preserving the LL and SS. However, satisfactory clinical results for over a 3-year follow-up were not affected by sagittal alignment.
 Activ L TDR showed a favorable effect on sagittal alignment, enhancing the IL while preserving the LL and SS. However, satisfactory clinical results for over a 3-year follow-up were not affected by sagittal alignment.
  Rural-urban health care disparities are an important topic in health services research. Hence, developing valid and reliable tools to measure rurality is needed to support high quality research. However, Japan, has no index to measure rurality for health care research. In this study, we conducted a systematic scoping review to identify the important factors and methodological approaches to consider in a rurality index to inform the development of a rurality index for Japan.
 
  For our review, we searched six bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHIL, ERIC, Web of Science and the Grey Literature Report) and official websites of national governments such as Government and Legislative Libraries Online Publications Portal (GALLOP), from 1 January 1989 to 31 December 2018. We extracted relevant variables used in the development of rurality indices, the formulas used to calculate indices, and any measures for reliability and validity of these indices.
 
  We identified 17 rurality indices from 7 countries. These indices were primarily developed to assess access to health care or to determine eligibility for incentives for health care providers.