Comparison of CAUs with neighbouring CAUs allowed for the identification of places where immunization coverage was significantly higher or lower than expected, over both time and space. We provide the first spatiotemporal analysis of childhood immunization in New Zealand that utilizes a large sample of over 4.4 million individual immunization records. Our spatial analyses enable policymakers to understand the development of childhood immunization coverage and make more effective prevention strategies in New Zealand. We provide the first spatiotemporal analysis of childhood immunization in New Zealand that utilizes a large sample of over 4.4 million individual immunization records. Our spatial analyses enable policymakers to understand the development of childhood immunization coverage and make more effective prevention strategies in New Zealand. Leucocyte telomere length (LTL) shortening is a marker of cellular senescence and associates with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). A number of cardiovascular risk factors affect LTL, but the correlation between elevated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and shorter LTL is debated in small cohorts including subjects with a clinical diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH). We assessed the relationship between LDL-C and LTL in subjects with genetic familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) compared to those with clinically diagnosed, but not genetically confirmed FH (CD-FH), and normocholesterolaemic subjects. LTL was measured in mononuclear cells-derived genomic DNA from 206 hypercholesterolaemic subjects (135 HeFH and 71 CD-FH) and 272 controls. HeFH presented shorter LTL vs. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pt2385.html controls (1.27 ± 0.07 vs. 1.59 ± 0.04, P = 0.045). In particular, we found shorter LTL in young HeFH as compared to young controls (<35 y) (1.34 ± 0.08 vs. 1.64 ± 0.08, P = 0.019); moreover, LTL was shorter in statin-naïvlar senescence and haematopoietic alterations in subjects with FH.Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. The role of hypertension, cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, and smoking in driving disease has been well recognized at a population level and has been the target of primary prevention strategies for over 50 years with substantial impact. However, in many cases, these factors alone do not provide enough precision at the individual level to allow physicians and patients to take appropriate preventive measures and many patients continue to suffer acute coronary syndromes in the absence of these risk factors. Recent advances in user-friendly chip designs, high speed throughput, and economic efficiency of genome-wide association studies complemented by advances in statistical analytical approaches have facilitated the rapid development of polygenic risk scores (PRSs). The latest PRSs combine data regarding hundreds of thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms to predict chronic diseases including CAD. Novel CAD PRSs are strong predictors of risk and may have application, in a complementary manner with existing risk prediction algorithms. However, there remain substantial controversies, and ultimately, we need to move forward from observational studies to prospectively and rigorously assess the potential impact if widespread implementation is to be aspired to. Consideration needs to be made of ethnicity, sex, as well as age, and risk estimate based on existing non-genomic algorithms. We provide an overview and commentary on the important advances in deriving and validating PRSs, as well as pragmatic considerations that will be required for implementation of the new knowledge into clinical practice. We aimed to evaluate whether traditional risk scores [short-term, 'psoriasis-modified' (multiplied by 1.5) and lifetime] were able to capture high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk as defined by the presence of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary, femoral, or carotid arteries in psoriasis. We used two prospectives obseravational cohorts. European cohort femoral and carotid atherosclerotic plaques were evaluated by ultrasound in 73 psoriasis patients. Lifetime CVD risk (LTCVR) was evaluated with QRISK-LT; short-term CVD risk was evaluated with SCORE and psoriasis-modified SCORE. American cohort 165 patients underwent coronary computed tomography angiography to assess presence of coronary plaques. LTCVR was evaluated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD-LT) lifetime; short-term CVD risk was evaluated with ASCVD and psoriasis-modified ASCVD. European cohort subclinical atherosclerosis was present in 51% of patients. QRISK-LT identified 64% of patients with atherosclerosis missing a high proportion (35%) with atheroma plaque (P < 0.05). The percentage of patients with atherosclerosis identified by QRISK-LT was significantly higher than those detected by SCORE (0%) and modified SCORE (10%). American cohort subclinical atherosclerosis was present in 54% of patients. ASCVD-LT captured 54% of patients with coronary plaques missing a high proportion (46%) with coronary plaque (P < 0.05). The percentage of patients with atheroma plaques detected with ASCVD and modified ASCVD were only 20% and 45%, respectively. Application of lifetime, short-term and 'psoriasis-modified' risk scores did not accurately capture psoriasis patients at high CVD risk. Application of lifetime, short-term and 'psoriasis-modified' risk scores did not accurately capture psoriasis patients at high CVD risk. Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) are effective to control type 2 diabetes (T2Ds) and can protect from adverse cardiovascular outcomes. GLP-1RA are based on the human GLP-1 or the exendin-4 sequence. We compared cardiovascular outcomes of patients with T2D who received human-based or exendin-based GLP-1RA in routine clinical practice. We performed a retrospective study on the administrative database of T2D patients from the Veneto Region (North-East Italy). We identified patients who initiated a human-based or exendin-based GLP-1RA from 2011 to 2018. The primary outcome was occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Secondary outcomes were individual MACE components, revascularization, hospitalization for heart failure, or for cardiovascular causes. From 330193 patients with diabetes, 6620 were new users of GLP-1RA. After propensity score matching, we analysed 1098 patients in each group, who were on average 61 years old, 59.5% males, 13% with established cardiovascular disease, had an estimated diabetes duration of 8.