https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sb290157-tfa.html The remaining patient (11%) - who had tubeless PCNL without postop imaging presented five days postoperatively with a delayed bleed and underwent emergent splenectomy. Seven of the nine (78%) were successfully managed non operatively and without need for transfusion or embolization. CONCLUSION The majority of patients incurring splenic injury during PCNL can be successfully managed conservatively with maintenance of nephrostomy tube for two days or greater. Consequences of unrecognized splenic injury may include splenic bleed and may prompt transfusion and/or splenectomy, underscoring role of routine postoperative CT to allow timely diagnosis, particularly in those undergoing upper pole, supracostal left sided percutaneous renal access.Thalamic infusion of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors has been shown to have therapeutic effects in neuronopathic lysosomal storage diseases. Preclinical studies in sheep model of Tay-Sachs disease demonstrated that bilateral thalamic injections of AAV gene therapy are required for maximal benefit. Translation of thalamic injection to patients carries risks in that 1) it has never been done in humans, and 2) dosing scale-up based on brain weight from animals to humans requires injection of larger volumes. To increase the safety margin of this infusion, a flexible cannula was selected to enable simultaneous bilateral thalamic infusion in infants while monitoring by imaging and/or to enable awake infusions for injection of large volumes at low infusion rates. In this study, we tested various infusion volumes (200-800 µL) and rates (0.5-5 µL/min) to determine the maximum tolerated combination of injection parameters. Animals were followed for ~1 month post-injection with MRI performed at 14 and 28 days. T1-weighted MRI was used to quantify thalamic damage followed by histopathological assessment of the brain. Trends in data show that infusion volumes of 800 µL (2× the volume requ