OBJECTIVE The detailed associations between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and total stroke and magnesium intake as well as the dose-response trend should be updated in a timely manner. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analyses. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov were rigorously searched from inception to 15 March 2019. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Prospective cohort studies investigating these two diseases were included. DATA SYNTHESIS Relative risk (RR) and 95% CI in random effects models as well as absolute risk (AR) were pooled to calculate the risk of T2D and stroke. Methodological quality was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS Forty-one studies involving 53 cohorts were included. The magnitude of the risk was significantly reduced by 22% for T2D (RR 0.78 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.81); p less then 0.001; AR reduction 0.120%), 11% for total stroke (RR 0.89 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.94); p less then 0.001; AR reduction 0.281%) and 12% for ischaemic stroke (RR 0.88 (95% CI 0.8No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.OBJECTIVE Anaemia is common among people living with HIV (PLWH) and has been associated with certain, often older, antiretroviral medications. Information on current antiretroviral therapy (ART) and anaemia is limited. The objective was to compare the associations between anaemia incidence or haemoglobin change with core ART classes in the current ART era. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/abt-199.html  SETTING USA-based prospective clinical cohort of PLWH aged 18 and above receiving care at eight sites between January 2010 and March 2018. PARTICIPANTS 16 505 PLWH were included in this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Anaemia risk and haemoglobin change were estimated among PLWH for person-time on a protease inhibitor (PI) or an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based regimen, relative to a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based reference. We also examined PLWH on regimens containing multiple core classes. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were conducted to measure the associations bs. Published by BMJ.OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the validity of an algorithm to classify diagnoses according to the appropriateness of outpatient antibiotic use in the context of Chinese free text. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A random sample of 10 000 outpatient visits was selected between January and April 2018 from a national database for monitoring rational use of drugs, which included data from 194 secondary and tertiary hospitals in China. RESEARCH DESIGN Diagnoses for outpatient visits were classified as tier 1 if associated with at least one condition that 'always' justified antibiotic use; as tier 2 if associated with at least one condition that only 'sometimes' justified antibiotic use but no conditions that 'always' justified antibiotic use; or as tier 3 if associated with only conditions that never justified antibiotic use, using a tier-fashion method and regular expression (RE)-based algorithm. MEASURES Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the classification. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of smoking behaviour on campus and to identify the key factors that influence adherence to a campus smoke-free policy. DESIGN & PARTICIPANTS This study employed a cross-sectional, self-administered survey of undergraduate students at the University of Mississippi. A random sample of all available undergraduate classes was recruited for data collection. Students were provided a survey that included questions on demographics, alcohol use, smoking status, policy awareness, policy attitudes, smoking attitudes, policy support, barriers to policy success and policy violations. RESULTS The prevalence of past 30-day smoking was 23%. More than 63% of current smokers report ever smoking on campus, but less than 10% ever received a warning or a ticket for their violation. Nearly all respondents (92.5%) reported witnessing someone smoking on campus, and 22% reported witnessing someone receiving a ticket. Barriers to policy success include lack of reminders about the policy, lack of support from students and University administrators, and insufficient fines. Smoking behaviour (OR 7.96; 95% CI 5.13 to 12.36), beliefs about policy adherence (OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.40 to 0.69), support for the policy (OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.55 to 0.91) and attitudes against smoking behaviour (OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.49) were all significantly associated with self-reported policy violations. CONCLUSIONS This study found that violations of the campus smoke-free policy were fairly frequent and the policy has been largely ineffective, indicating a need for other interventions. Approaches to improve adherence to the policy should address barriers such as reminders about the policy, better policy enforcement and support from the administration. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Annual incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) including postoperative VTE in hospitalized children is rising significantly. A growing body of evidence supports the role of red blood cells (RBCs) in pathologic thrombosis. In this study, we examined the association of perioperative RBC transfusion with postoperative VTE in pediatric patients. METHODS The pediatric databases of the American College of Surgeons' National Surgical Quality Improvement Project from 2012 to 2017 were used. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between perioperative RBC transfusion status and the development of new or progressive VTE within 30 days of surgery. The analyses were age stratified, as follows neonates (≤28 days), infants (>28 days and less then 1 year), and children (≥1 year). RESULTS In this study, we included 20 492 neonates, 79 744 infants, and 382 862 children. Postoperative development of VTE was reported in 99 (0.48%) neonates, 147 (0.2%) infants, and 374 (0.