Cell polarity is an important cellular process that cells use for various cellular functions such as asymmetric division, cell migration, and directionality determination. In asymmetric cell division, a mother cell creates multiple polarities of various proteins simultaneously within her membrane and cytosol to generate two different daughter cells. The formation of multiple polarities in asymmetric cell division has been found to be controlled via the regulatory system by upstream polarity of the membrane to downstream polarity of the cytosol, which is involved in not only polarity establishment but also polarity positioning. However, the mechanism for polarity positioning remains unclear. In this study, we found a general mechanism and mathematical structure for the multiple streams of polarities to determine their relative position via conceptional models based on the biological example of the asymmetric cell division process of C. elegans embryo. Using conceptional modeling and model reductions, we show that the positional relation of polarities is determined by a contrasting role of regulation by upstream polarity proteins on the transition process of diffusion dynamics of downstream proteins. We analytically prove that our findings hold under the general mathematical conditions, suggesting that the mechanism of relative position between upstream and downstream dynamics could be understood without depending on a specific type of bio-chemical reaction, and it could be the universal mechanism in multiple streams of polarity dynamics of the cell.Effects of temperature on the development, survival, reproduction, longevity and sex ratio of the cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, was assessed at five constant temperatures ranging from 20 to 35°C and five fluctuating temperatures ranging from 15 to 40°C under laboratory conditions. Results showed that nymphal development duration, preoviposition period, oviposition period, fecundity, and adult longevity were reduced significantly with increasing temperature until 30°C, but developmental duration of third female nymphal instar and female adult longevity was longer at 35°C than 30°C, and no males could emerge from pupae at the constant temperature 35°C. Fluctuating temperature, in general, significantly accelerated the nymphal developmental duration, prolonged preoviposition period, shortened oviposition period, reduced fecundity, lowered the survival rate of nymphs, and decreased adult longevity of males and females compared to their mean corresponding constant temperature. Overall, it is suggested that one should be prudent when applying the obtained results under constant and fluctuating temperatures under laboratory conditions. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) plants produce its characteristic phenylpropene rich essential oil in specialized structures known as peltate glandular trichomes (PGTs). Eugenol and chavicol are the major phenylpropenes produced by sweet basil varieties whose synthetic pathways are not fully elucidated. Eugenol is derived from coniferyl acetate by a reaction catalysed by eugenol synthase. An acyltransferase enzyme is proposed to convert coniferyl alcohol to coniferyl acetate which is the first committed step towards eugenol synthesis. Here, we performed a comparative next generation transcriptome sequencing of different tissues of sweet basil namely; PGT, leaf, leaf stripped of PGTs (leaf-PGT) and roots to identify differentially expressed transcripts specific to PGT. From this data, we identified a PGT-enriched BAHD acyltransferase gene ObCAAT1 and functionally characterized it. In vitro coupled reaction of ObCAAT1 with eugenol synthase in the presence of coniferyl alcohol resulted in eugenol production. Analysis of ObCAAT1-RNAi transgenic lines exhibited decreased levels of eugenol and accumulation of coniferyl alcohol and its derivatives. Coniferyl alcohol acts as a common substrate for phenylpropene and lignin biosynthesis. No differences were found in total lignin content of PGTs and leaves of transgenic lines indicating that phenylpropene biosynthesis is not coupled to lignification in sweet basil. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.BACKGROUND The increasing global prevalence of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) disease has called attention to challenges in NTM diagnosis and management. This study is conducted to understand management and outcomes of patients with pulmonary NTM disease at diverse centers across the US. METHODS We conducted a 10-year (2005-2015) retrospective study at seven Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Units to evaluate pulmonary NTM treatment outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus-negative adults.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/congo-red.html  Demographic and clinical information were abstracted through medical record review. Microbiologic and clinical cure were evaluated using previously defined criteria. RESULTS Of 297 patients diagnosed with pulmonary NTM, the most frequent NTM species were Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (83.2%), M. kansasii (7.7%), and M. abscessus (3.4%). Two hundred forty-five (82.5%) patients received treatment, while 45 (15.2%) were followed without treatment. Eighty-six patients had available drug susceptibility results; of these, >40% exhibited resistance to rifampin, ethambutol, or amikacin. Of the 138 patients with adequate outcome data, 78 (56.5%) experienced clinical and/or microbiologic cure. Adherence to the American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America (ATS/IDSA) treatment guidelines was significantly more common in patients who were cured (odds ratio [OR] 4.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0-10.4, P less then 0.001). Overall mortality was 15.7%. CONCLUSIONS Despite ATS/IDSA Guidelines, management of pulmonary NTM disease was heterogeneous and cure rates were relatively low. Further work is required to understand which patients are suitable for monitoring without treatment and the impact of antimicrobial therapy on pulmonary NTM morbidity and mortality. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.