In the field of transplantation, inducing immune tolerance in recipients is of great importance. Blocking co-stimulatory molecule using anti-CD28 antibody could induce tolerance in a rat kidney transplantation model. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) reveals strong immune suppressive abilities in kidney transplantation. Here we analyzed key genes of MDSCs leading to transplant tolerance in this model.
 
  Microarray data of rat gene expression profiles under accession number GSE28545 in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were analyzed. Running the LIMMA package in R language, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found. Enrichment analysis of the DEGs was conducted in the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) database to explore gene ontology (GO) annotation and their Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Their protein-protein interactions (PPIs) were provided by STRING database and was visualized in Cytoscape. Hub genes were carried out by CytoHubba.
 
  Three hundred and thirty-eight DEGs were exported, including 27 upregulated and 311 downregulated genes. The functions and KEGG pathways of the DEGs were assessed and the PPI network was constructed based on the string interactions of the DEGs. The network was visualized in Cytoscape; the entire PPI network consisted of 192 nodes and 469 edges. 
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  were among the hub genes.
 
  These key genes, corresponding proteins and their functions may provide valuable background for both basic and clinical research and could be the direction of future studies in immune tolerance, especially those examining immunocyte-induced tolerance.
 These key genes, corresponding proteins and their functions may provide valuable background for both basic and clinical research and could be the direction of future studies in immune tolerance, especially those examining immunocyte-induced tolerance.
  To evaluate to what degree preoperative urine white blood cell (WBC) and urine nitrite (NIT) values are predictive of postoperative infections following percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).
 
  A systematic literature search was performed of the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Wanfang Data, National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and China Science and Technology Journal Database (CSTJ or VIP) online databases to identify relevant studies that examined the predictive value of urine WBC or NIT as risk factors for post-PCNL infection, and the search was finished on February 28, 2020.  https://www.selleckchem.com/Bcl-2.html  Two independent reviewers screened the relevant studies, extracted necessary data from the eligible case-control studies (CCS), and assessed the quality of included studies through the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). RevMan 5.3 software and the Stata 16.0 software were used to complete the statistical analysis of data. Results are expressed as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
 
  According to the statistical analysis of 12 eligible studies involving 6113 patients, positive urine WBC (WBC+ OR =3.86, 95% CI 3.03-4.91, P<0.001) and positive NIT (NIT
  OR =7.81, 95% CI 5.44-11.21, P<0.001) in preoperative tests were identified as independent risk factors for postoperative infections following PCNL.
 
  In summary, as risk factors for postoperative infections, the presence of preoperative urine WBC+ and NIT+ should be evaluated as part of clinical procedure, in order to reduce infections of PCNL.
 In summary, as risk factors for postoperative infections, the presence of preoperative urine WBC+ and NIT+ should be evaluated as part of clinical procedure, in order to reduce infections of PCNL.
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between urine specific gravity (USG) and the prevalence rate of kidney stone.
 
  We conducted a cross-sectional study of adult participants (≥20 years) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2008. The USG was divided into three groups <1.008, 1.008-1.020 and >1.020. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effect of USG on the prevalence rate of kidney stone.
 
  A total of 4,791 patients were included in this study, of which 464 (9.7%) reported a history of kidney stone. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, gender, race, hypertension, diabetes, body mass index (BMI), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), USG and urine creatinine were closely related to the prevalence of kidney stones. After adjusting for known confounding factors, multivariate logistic regression showed that the prevalence rate of kidney stone increased with the increase of USG (1.008-1.020 
  <1.008, OR =1.31, 95% CI, 0.09-1.91, P=0.155; >1.020 
  <1.008, OR =1.71, 95% CI, 1.16-2.54, P=0.007).
 
  The increase of USG was significantly correlated with self-reported kidney stone. This finding helps to identify risk factors for kidney stones as early as possible in the United States.
 The increase of USG was significantly correlated with self-reported kidney stone. This finding helps to identify risk factors for kidney stones as early as possible in the United States.
  Novel strategies have been proposed to minimize postoperative opioid use, yet many patients experience significant pain after penile surgery. Our objective was to evaluate postoperative opioid use in patients undergoing penile ring block with long-acting liposomal bupivacaine (LB; Exparel) during surgery for Peyronie's disease (PD).
 
  We identified patients who underwent tunica albuginea plication (TAP) and plaque excision/grafting (PEG) for PD between July 2019 and September 2020. Intraoperatively, a ring block was administered at the penile base penis with 20 cc of LB. Patients were instructed to use over the counter pain medications as first line treatment for postoperative pain, and opioids were available for severe breakthrough pain as needed [7.5 oral morphine equivalents (OME) =5 mg oxycodone]. Opioid use was assessed during the first five days postoperatively.
 
  In total, 28 patients met inclusion criteria including 18/28 (64%) who underwent TAP and 10/28 (36%) who underwent PEG. Median patient age was 56 years (IGR 51;61).