The efficient extraction and fixation of a tissue allows in preserving the cytoarchitecture, chemical composition and tissue organization, which is key in physiological and histopathological studies. The main goal of this study was to establish a microsurgery technique to obtain ocular tissue and provide an optimized immersion fixation protocol based on the 10 % formalin-intraocular injection on Olive ridley sea turtle hatchlings (Lepidochelys olivacea). To evaluate this optimized technique, a histological comparison between traditional immersion and intraocular/immersion protocols was done. The eyeball were processed into five protocols Frozen eyes (Group 1), frozen eyes immersed in 10 % formalin (Group 2), fresh eyes immersed in 10 % formalin (Group 3), fresh eyes intraocularly injected with 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and then immersed in 10 % formalin (Group 4), and fresh eyes fixed by 10 % formalin-intraocular followed by 10 % formalin-immersion (Group 5). In comparison with all groups evaluated, the intraocular/immersion fixation protocol lead the conservation of eyeball shape, cell integrity and maintenance of the organization of the retina layers of sea turtle hatchlings. If this method will be the key in studying sea turtle, we suppose that this procedure, with minimal adjustments, could be useful in animals with similar eye anatomy.Recent evidences showed that, noise stress causes abnormal changes in structure and function of central nervous system (CNS). The Current study was conducted to evaluate some stereological parameters of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of male pups of Wistar rat after prenatal and early postnatal noise stress. 18 pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into prenatal noise-exposed (NE) group, postnatal NE group, and controls. Male pups of NE groups were exposed to noise 100 dB at the frequency ranges of 500-8000 Hz, 4 h per day from gestational day one (GD1) to GD21 for the prenatal NE group, and from postnatal day one (PND1) to PND21 in the postnatal NE group. The Control group animals were maintained under standard condition without noise stimulation. Corticosterone level in plasma was measured using ELISA technique. Changes of the neurons and non-neurons cells number and volume of the mPFC were evaluated by stereological analysis. Tunnel assay was also used for detection of apoptotic cells. Increase in plasma corticosterone level, decrease in the number of neurons, and increase in the apoptotic cells number were observed in both NE groups. Decrease in volume of mPFC and also in non-neurons cells number was observed in the prenatal NE group. An increase in the non-neurons number was seen in the postnatal NE group. Data of the current comparative study showed that, noise stress during prenatal and early postnatal periods can induce the abnormal alteration in some stereological parameters of mPFC in male pups of Wistar rat. These negative alterations were more remarkable after prenatal noise stress.
  Cell based therapy is constantly underway since regeneration of genuine hyaline cartilage is under par. Much attention has been afforded to chondroprogenitors recently, as an alternative cell substitute for cartilage repair. Although single source derivation of chondrocytes and chondroprogenitors is advantageous, lack of a characteristic differentiating marker obscures clear identification, which is essential to create a biological profile and is also required to assess cell type superiority for cartilage repair.
 
  Cells obtained from three non-diseased/osteoarthritic human knee joints each, were expanded in culture up to passage 10. Characterization studies were performed using flow cytometry; gene expression was studied using RT-PCR; growth kinetics and tri-lineage differentiation was also studied to construct a better profile of chondroprogenitors as well as chondrocytes.
 
  Our results showed that both cell populations exhibited similar cell surface characteristics except for non-diseased chondroprogenitial for both cell types with chondroprogenitors showing notably higher glycosaminoglycan and lower calcified matrix deposition. Data acquired from this study aided in describing cellular behavior of human articular cartilage derived chondroprogenitors in conditions not reported earlier. Our comparative analysis suggests that sorting based on a combination of markers (CD34- and CD166+) would yield a population of cells with minimal contamination by chondrocytes, which may provide translatable results in terms of enhanced chondrogenesis and reduced hypertrophy; both indispensable for the field of cartilage regeneration.This study aimed to examine the effects of algae (rich in omega-3 fatty acids), sunflower oil (rich in omega-6 fatty acids) and soybean oil (rich in omega-6 fatty acids) on the entire folliculogenesis in juvenile and sexually mature rabbits. After weaning, rabbits were randomly divided into four experimental groups of 14 animals each. Control animals received non-supplemented pellets, while in the other groups, the pellets contained 1% marine algae, 3% sunflower oil or 3% soybean oil.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sd-208.html  Animals from each group were slaughtered at 12 weeks of age (n = 7 per group) or at 18 weeks of age (n = 7 per group). The ovaries were harvested and fixed for hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemical localization of PCNA and TUNEL assay. Algae-enriched diet markedly decreased the number of primordial and primary follicles, while addition of sunflower oil reduced the number of primary follicles in 12-week-old rabbits. The number of antral follicles was higher following algae supplementation, but lower after addition of soybean oil in that age group. Proliferating index was decreased following supplementation with algae and soybean oil in juvenile rabbits, whereas it was increased after addition of algae and decreased following vegetable oils in mature ones. Dietary PUFAs did not impact apoptosis in the rabbit ovary of both age groups. The obtained results suggest that PUFA-enriched diet regulate either early folliculogenesis or antral follicle development in rabbits that might influence reproductive performance as a consequence. It appears that observed effects are attributed to sexual maturity.