Designing solute-solute selective NF membranes for fit-for-purpose wastewater treatment has great potential to improve the flexibility of membrane technologies that can convert wastewater streams to valuable water and nutrient resources.Double-bond transposition in alkenes (isomerization) offers opportunities for the synthesis of bioactive molecules, but requires high selectivity to avoid mixtures of products. Generation of Z-alkenes, which are present in many natural products and pharmaceuticals, is particularly challenging because it is usually less thermodynamically favorable than generation of the E isomers. We report a β-dialdiminate-supported, high-spin cobalt(I) complex that can convert terminal alkenes, including previously recalcitrant allylbenzenes, to Z-2-alkenes with unprecedentedly high regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. Deuterium labeling studies indicate that the catalyst operates through a π-allyl mechanism, which is different from the alkyl mechanism that is followed by other Z-selective catalysts. Computations indicate that the triplet cobalt(I) alkene complex undergoes a spin state change from the resting-state triplet to a singlet in the lowest-energy C-H activation transition state, which leads to the Z product. This suggests that this change in spin state enables the catalyst to differentiate the stereodefining barriers in this system, and more generally that spin-state changes may offer a route toward novel stereocontrol methods for first-row transition metals.Organoboron compounds have important synthetic value and can be applied in numerous transformations. The development of practical and convenient ways to synthesize boronate esters has thus attracted significant interest. Photoinduced borylations originated from stoichiometric reactions of alkanes and arenes with well-defined metal-boryl complexes. Now, photoredox-initiated borylations, catalyzed by either transition metal or organic photocatalysts, and photochemical borylations with high efficiency have become a burgeoning area of research. In this Focus Review, we summarize research on photoinduced borylations, especially emphasizing recent developments and trends. This includes the photoinduced borylation of arenes, alkanes, aryl/alkyl halides, activated carboxylic acids, amines, alcohols, and so on based on transition metal catalysis, metal-free organocatalysis, and direct photochemical activation. We focus on reaction mechanisms involving single-electron transfer, triplet-energy transfer, and other radical processes.Inserting custom designed DNA sequences into the mammalian genome plays an essential role in synthetic biology. In particular, the ability to introduce foreign DNA in a site-specific manner offers numerous advantages over random DNA integration. In this review, we focus on two mechanistically distinct systems that have been widely adopted for targeted DNA insertion in mammalian cells, the CRISPR/Cas9 system and site-specific recombinases. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has revolutionized the genome engineering field thanks to its high programmability and ease of use. However, due to its dependence on linearized DNA donor and endogenous cellular pathways to repair the induced double-strand break, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated DNA insertion still faces limitations such as small insert size, and undesired editing outcomes via error-prone repair pathways. In contrast, site-specific recombinases, in particular the Serine integrases, demonstrate large-cargo capability and no dependence on cellular repair pathways for DNA integration. Here we first describe recent advances in improving the overall efficacy of CRISPR/Cas9-based methods for DNA insertion. Moreover, we highlight the advantages of site-specific recombinases over CRISPR/Cas9 in the context of targeted DNA integration, with a special focus on the recent development of programmable recombinases. We conclude by discussing the importance of protein engineering to further expand the current toolkit for targeted DNA insertion in mammalian cells.Single-molecule methods have revolutionized molecular science, but techniques possessing the structural sensitivity required for chemical problems-e.g. vibrational spectroscopy-remain difficult to apply in solution. Here, we describe how coupling infrared-vibrational absorption to a fluorescent electronic transition (fluorescence-encoded infrared (FEIR) spectroscopy) can achieve single-molecule sensitivity in solution with conventional far-field optics. Using the fluorophore Coumarin 6, we illustrate the principles by which FEIR spectroscopy measures vibrational spectra and relaxation and introduce FEIR correlation spectroscopy, a vibrational analogue of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, to demonstrate single-molecule sensitivity. With further improvements, FEIR spectroscopy could become a powerful tool for single-molecule vibrational investigations in the solution or condensed phase.The aim of this study was to identify the target of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) cell-specific aptamer NAFLD01 and investigate its effect on lipid metabolism in vitro. A distinct membrane protein of NAFLD cells pulled down by NAFLD01 was analyzed by mass spectrometry to determine target candidates, and affinity of NAFLD01 to target-protein-silent NAFLD cells was detected to validate it. Knockdown of CD36 abolished the binding of NAFLD01, and its binding affinity was associated with membrane-bound CD36. NAFLD01 affinity for NAFLD cells was proportional to the CD36 expression level. Moreover, compared to random sequences, NAFLD01 showed better recognition for both mouse and human tissue sections of NAFLD. Importantly, NAFLD01 could ameliorate liver fat deposition through interaction with CD36 in vitro. Therefore, aptamer NAFLD01 could act as an effective and safe targeted drug for NAFLD. NAFLD01 is the first reported CD36-specific aptamer. This aptamer can improve hepatocyte steatosis via specifically binding to CD36.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Enzastaurin.html  This study provides a molecular tool to investigate the mechanism of CD36 in NAFLD.Microflow liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (μLC-MS/MS) is becoming a viable alternative to nanoflow LC-MS/MS for the analysis of proteomes. We have recently demonstrated the potential of such a system operating with a 1 mm i.d. × 150 mm column and at a flow rate of 50 μL/min for high-throughput applications. On the basis of the analysis of ∼38 000 samples measured on two instruments over the past two years, we now show that the approach is extremely robust. Up to 1500 analyses were performed within one month, and >14 000 samples could be analyzed on a single column without loss of chromatographic performance. Samples included proteomes of cell lines, tissues, and human body fluids, which were analyzed with or without prior peptide fractionation or stable isotope labeling. We show that the μLC-MS/MS system is capable of measuring 2600 proteins from undepleted human plasma and ∼5000 proteins from crude human urine in 1 day, demonstrating its potential for in-depth as well as high-throughput clinical application.