This study assessed the determinants that shape HIV knowledge and attitudes among South Sudanese women by analysing a Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey collected from 9,061 women in 9,369 households. Generalised linear mixed model regression was performed. Fifty percent of respondents were aware of HIV/AIDS, with 21% and 22% exhibiting good knowledge and positive attitudes towards people with HIV/AIDS, respectively. When controlled for individual and community-level variables, younger women (AOR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.01-162), women with primary (AOR = 2.19; 95% CI 1.86-2.58) and secondary (AOR = 4.48; 95% CI 3.38-5.93) education, and those living in urban areas (AOR = 1.40; 95% CI 1.12-1.76) had significantly good knowledge. Women in the richer (AOR = 1.60; 95% CI 1.08-2.36) and the richest (AOR = 2.02; 95% CI 1.35-3.02) wealth quintiles had significant positive attitudes towards people with HIV/AIDS. Well-designed social and behavioural campaigns targeting uneducated women and those living in rural and remote settings will enhance knowledge of perceived risk, awareness, and ability to carry out preventive behaviours.Increased oxidative stress in obesity and diabetes is associated with morbidity and mortality risks. Levels of oxidative damage to DNA and RNA can be estimated through measurement of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2´-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo) in urine. Both markers have been associated with type 2 diabetes, where especially 8-oxoGuo is prognostic for mortality risk. We hypothesized that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery that has considerable effects on bodyweight, hyperglycemia and mortality, might be working through mechanisms that reduce oxidative stress, thereby reducing levels of the urinary markers. We used liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to analyze the content of 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo in urinary samples from 356 obese patients treated with the RYGB-procedure. Mean age (SD) was 44.2 (9.6) years, BMI was 42.1 (5.6) kg/m2. Ninety-six (27%) of the patients had type 2 diabetes. Excretion levels of each marker before and after surgery were compared as estimates of the total 24-hour excretion, using a model based on glomerular filtration rate (calculated from cystatin C, age, height and weight), plasma- and urinary creatinine. The excretion of 8-oxodG increased in the first months after RYGB. For 8-oxoGuo, a gradual decrease was seen.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/blebbistatin.html  Two years after RYGB and a mean weight loss of 35 kg, decreased hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, excretion levels of both markers were reduced by approximately 12% (P less then 0.001). For both markers, mean excretion levels were about 30% lower in the female subgroup (P less then 0.0001). Also, in this subgroup, excretion of 8-oxodG was significantly lower in patients with than without diabetes. We conclude, that oxidative damage to nucleic acids, reflected in the excretion of 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo, had decreased significantly two years after RYGB-indicating that reduced oxidative stress could be contributing to the many long-term benefits of RYGB-surgery in obesity and type 2 diabetes.The preoperative imaging-based differentiation of primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSLs) and glioblastomas (GBs) is of high importance since the therapeutic strategies differ substantially between these tumors. In this study, we investigate whether the gamma distribution (GD) model is useful in this differentiation of PNCSLs and GBs. Twenty-seven patients with PCNSLs and 57 patients with GBs were imaged with diffusion-weighted imaging using 13 b-values ranging from 0 to 1000 sec/mm2. The shape parameter (κ) and scale parameter (θ) were obtained with the GD model. Fractions of three different areas under the probability density function curve (f1, f2, f3) were defined as follows f1, diffusion coefficient (D) 3.0 × 10-3 mm2/sec. The GD model-derived parameters were compared between PCNSLs and GBs. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed to assess diagnostic performance. The correlations with intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM)-derived parameters were evaluated. The PCNSL group's κ (2.26 ± 1.00) was significantly smaller than the GB group's (3.62 ± 2.01, p = 0.0004). The PCNSL group's f1 (0.542 ± 0.107) was significantly larger than the GB group's (0.348 ± 0.132, p less then 0.0001). The PCNSL group's f2 (0.372 ± 0.098) was significantly smaller than the GB group's (0.508 ± 0.127, p less then 0.0001). The PCNSL group's f3 (0.086 ± 0.043) was significantly smaller than the GB group's (0.144 ± 0.062, p less then 0.0001). The combination of κ, f1, and f3 showed excellent diagnostic performance (area under the curve, 0.909). The f1 had an almost perfect inverse correlation with D. The f2 and f3 had very strong positive correlations with D and f, respectively. The GD model is useful for the differentiation of GBs and PCNSLs.In a prior publication, we described a previously unknown eye movement phenomenon during the execution of actively performed multiaxial rotations in high level gymnasts. This phenomenon was consistently observed during the phase of fast free flight rotations and was marked by a prolonged and complete suppression of nystagmus and gaze stabilizing "environment referenced eye movements" (EREM; such as the vestibulo-ocular reflex, optokinetic reflex, smooth pursuit and others). Instead, these eye movements were coupled with intersegmental body movements. We have therefore called it "spinal motor-coupled eye movements" (SCEM) and have interpreted the phenomenon to likely be caused by anti-compensatory functions of more proprioceptive mediated reflexes and perhaps other mechanisms (e.g., top-down regulation as part of a motor plan) to effectively cope with a new-orientation in space, undisturbed by EREM functions. In the phase before landing, the phenomenon was replaced again by the known gaze-stabilizing EREM functions. The present study specifically evaluated long-term measures of vestibulo-ocular reflex functions (VOR) in high level gymnasts and controls during both passively driven monoaxial rotations and context-specific multiaxial somersault simulations in a vestibular lab. This approach provided further insights into the possible roles of adaptive or mental influences concerning the VOR function and how they are associated with the described phenomenon of SCEM. Results showed high inter-individual variability of VOR function in both gymnasts and controls, but no systematic adaptation of the VOR in gymnasts, neither compared to controls nor over a period of three years. This might generally support the hypothesis that the phenomenon of SCEM might indeed be driven more by proprioceptively mediated and situationally dominant eye movement functions than by adaptative processes of the VOR.