We would like to share our impression on the report 'Postmortem diagnosis of COVID-19 Antemortem challenges of three cases at the 37 Military Hospital, Accra, Ghana'.1 Attoh et al. concluded that 'The outcome of COVID-19 testing is dependent on the sample type and accuracy of sampling amongst other factors'1 and suggested that 'more autopsies are required to fully understand the pathogenesis of this disease in Ghanaians'.1 Indeed, post-mortem diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is possible and there are many reports of the existence of pathogenic viruses in autopsy specimens.2,3 Autopsy is also very useful for understanding the pathogenesis of this new disease. However, it must be performed with high caution. While there are no confirmed cases of the pathogen being spread from deceased patients, infection of forensic pathology workers has been reported.4 More autopsies might be recommended, but adequate biosafety and biosecurity, and other infection control precautions must be in place for these to occur.
  Molecular detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is at the forefront of the global response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, molecular diagnostic capabilities are poorly developed in many African countries. Efforts by the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and other public health agencies to scale up facilities for molecular testing across the continent are well documented, but there are few accounts from the laboratories at the frontline.
 
  As part of an institutional response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, signed a memorandum of understanding with a World Bank-supported institution to obtain a non-proprietary testing platform, renovated an existing molecular virology laboratory and validated the test process to make SARS-CoV-2 testing readily available for decision-making by frontline health workers. These efforts resulted in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital's inclusion in thders and the expansion of diagnostics to include other diseases of public health importance.Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma genitalium are the four main aetiologies of sexually transmitted infections responsible for vaginal discharge syndrome (VDS). Commercially available multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are expensive and generally not customisable. We evaluated a highly customisable singleplex PCR approach by testing it in parallel with the Anyplex™ II STI-7 detection assay in a cohort of South African women that presented with VDS between May 2016 and January 2017. Our multiple singleplex PCR strategy proved to be a simple, accurate, rapid, affordable and scalable option for diagnosing VDS.In the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery, many institutions have recently begun using three-dimensional printers to create three-dimensional models and mixed reality in a variety of diseases. Here, we report the actual situation model which we made using three-dimensional printer from virtual operation data and the resection that was performed while grasping a maxillary benign tumor and neighboring three-dimensional structure by designing an application for Microsoft® HoloLens, and using Mixed Reality surgery support during the procedure.Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging imaging strategy with a unique combination of rich optical contrasts, high ultrasound spatial resolution, and deep penetration depth without ionizing radiation. Taking advantage of the features mentioned above, PAI has been widely applied to preclinical studies in diverse fields, such as vascular biology, cardiology, neurology, ophthalmology, dermatology, gastroenterology, and oncology. Among various biomedical applications, photoacoustic brain imaging has great importance due to the brain's complex anatomy and the variability of brain disease. In this review, we aimed to introduce a novel and effective imaging modality for diagnosing brain diseases. Firstly, a brief overview of two major types of PAI system was provided. Then, PAI's major preclinical applications in brain diseases were introduced, including early diagnosis of brain tumors, subtle changes in the chemotherapy response, epileptic activity and brain injury, foreign body, and brain plaque. Finally, a perspective of the remaining challenges of PAI was given for future advancements.To determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) when used in an optimal ex vivo setting can help detecting and quantifying the 3D fibrosis fraction in human subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) samples, as compared to histology. This prospective observational study was approved by our institutional review board 3D MRI acquisitions were performed at 4.0 T (Bruker) on XX human SAT samples (around 1 cm3) collected from biopsy in morbidly obese patients. Such acquisitions included saturation-recovery T1 mapping (spatial resolution 200 µm, acquisition time ~16 minutes) and DIXON imaging (spatial resolution 200 µm, acquisition time ~20 minutes). After MRI, histological quantification of fibrosis was performed using picrosirius staining.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Zileuton.html  T1 maps were clustered based on a k-means algorithm allowing quantification of fibrosis within the adipose tissue and percentage of fibrosis over the entire sample volume was calculated. Fat maps were computed from DIXON in-phase and out-of-phase images. The 3D MRI fibrosis percentage within the SAT samples were comprised between 6% and 15%. Excellent correlations and levels of agreement were observed between single slice MRI and histology (r=0.9, P=0.08) and between 3D MRI and histology in terms fibrosis percentages within SAT samples (r=0.9, P=0.01). High Field ex vivo MRI was able to quantify fibrosis in human SAT samples with high agreement with histology and moreover to provide 3D SAT fibrosis quantification avoiding histological sampling errors.
  Ultrasound (US)-guided core needle biopsy (CNB) is widely applied in the pathological diagnosis of suspicious axillary lymph nodes (ALNs) in breast cancer. However, the number of specimens removed during biopsy is currently based on the preference of the individual radiologist. This study aims to analyze the specimen number based diagnostic yields of US guided CNB of suspicious ALNs in breast cancer.
 
  Core biopsy specimens of suspicious lymph nodes were prospectively obtained from breast cancer patients treated at our hospital between November, 2018, and July, 2019. Four specimens were obtained from each patient and labeled 1-4 in the order they were removed. Each specimen underwent pathological evaluation to determine whether metastasis had occurred. The diagnostic yields of the specimens were calculated and differences in diagnostic accuracy according to the number of specimens were evaluated by McNemar's test.
 
  A total of 167 patients were enrolled, and 139 (83.2%) cases were identified as metastasis by CNB.