https://www.selleckchem.com/products/smi-4a.html Furthermore, selective autophagy can be clarified by labelling corresponding substrates and autophagosomes or lysosomes simultaneously. With the help of two-photon microscopy, the process of autophagy in live animals has been uncovered. Here, we summarize the methods for observing autophagy by optical microscopy and the selection of fluorescent markers.Autophagy, a highly conserved metabolic process in eukaryotes, is a widespread degradation/recycling system. However, there are significant differences (as well as similarities) between autophagy in animals, plants, and microorganisms such as yeast. While the overall process of autophagy is similar between different organisms, the molecular mechanisms and the pathways regulating autophagy are different, which is manifested in the diversity and specificity of the genes involved. In general, the autophagy system is much more complicated in mammals than in yeast. In addition, there are some differences in the types of autophagy present in animals, plants, and microorganisms. For example, there is a unique type of selective autophagy called the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway in yeast, and a special kind of autophagy, chloroplast autophagy, exists in plants. In conclusion, although autophagy is highly conserved in eukaryotes, there are still many differences between autophagy of animals, plants, and microorganisms.Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradation process. During autophagy, cytoplasmic components are sequestered and catabolized to supply nutrition and energy under starvation conditions. Recent work has demonstrated that many cargos can be specifically recognized and then eliminated via the core mechanism of autophagy which is termed as selective autophagy. The cargo recognition program provides the basis for the specific degradation of selective autophagy; thus, the exploration of the interaction between the cargo and the receptor is the key for rev